Trochlea funem subductarium tollit.

Because trochlea is in the nominative singular, which is the case normally used for the subject.

A learner can spot this by comparing the forms:

• trochlea = nominative singular
• funem = accusative singular

So the sentence structure is:

• trochlea = the thing doing the action
• funem subductarium = the thing being acted on
• tollit = the action

Even though English relies heavily on word order, Latin relies much more on case endings.

Because funem is the accusative singular form of funis.

The accusative case is commonly used for the direct object, so funem is the thing being lifted.

A dictionary entry would normally give this noun as:

• funis, funis = rope, cord

Its accusative singular is:

• funem

So the ending -em tells you that this word is the object of tollit.

Because subductarium has to agree with funem.

In Latin, adjectives agree with the nouns they describe in:

• gender
• number
• case

Here:

• funem is masculine accusative singular
• so the adjective must also be masculine accusative singular
• therefore: subductarium

The basic adjective is something like:

• subductarius, subductaria, subductarium

So subductarius would be masculine nominative singular, but that would not match funem.

You know because of agreement.

Both words are:

• masculine
• singular
• accusative

That matching grammar tells you they belong together: funem subductarium.

Latin does not depend as much on position as English does. In English, word order usually shows which adjective belongs to which noun. In Latin, matching endings do much of that work.

Because Latin word order is much more flexible than English word order.

Both of these can work:

• funem subductarium
• subductarium funem

Latin writers choose position for style, emphasis, rhythm, or habit. An adjective after the noun is very normal Latin.

So you should not assume that adjective placement changes the basic grammar. The important clue is still agreement, not position.

Tollit is:

• present tense
• active voice
• indicative mood
• third person singular

It comes from tollo, tollere, meaning things like lift, raise, pick up, or sometimes remove, depending on context.

The ending -it tells you it means:

• he/she/it lifts
• he/she/it is lifting

In this sentence, since trochlea is singular, tollit is singular too.

Because Latin verbs already include the subject information in their endings.

So tollit by itself already means:

• he lifts
• she lifts
• it lifts

Latin often leaves out subject pronouns unless they are needed for emphasis or contrast.

That means trochlea tollit already gives a complete idea:

• the pulley lifts
• literally, pulley lifts

Latin does not need to say ea tollit or something similar unless there is a special reason to emphasize the subject.

Yes, very often.

For example, these would still express the same basic idea:

• Trochlea funem subductarium tollit
• Funem subductarium trochlea tollit
• Trochlea tollit funem subductarium
• Subductarium funem trochlea tollit

The case endings keep the roles clear:

• trochlea = subject
• funem subductarium = object phrase

However, changing the order can change the emphasis. Latin often places an important or highlighted word earlier, and very often puts the verb near the end.

Trochlea is treated as a first-declension noun.

So a learner would expect forms such as:

• nominative singular: trochlea
• genitive singular: trochleae
• dative singular: trochleae
• accusative singular: trochleam
• ablative singular: trochleā

It is also a word of Greek origin, which is one reason it may look a little unusual to an English-speaking learner.

Not always.

Tollo can have several related meanings, such as:

• lift
• raise
• pick up
• remove
• take away

So the exact English choice depends on context. In this sentence, since the object is funem subductarium, a physical sense like lifts or raises is the natural one.

This is common in Latin: one verb often covers a wider range of meanings than a single English verb would.

It is a very standard Latin pattern:

• subject: trochlea
• direct object: funem
• adjective modifying the object: subductarium
• verb: tollit

So it is a simple main clause with one verb and one direct object.

For a beginning learner, it is useful because it shows several core Latin ideas at once:

• nominative subject
• accusative object
• adjective agreement
• a finite verb ending that shows person and number