Apiarius favum plenum eximit.

Here are the likely dictionary forms:

• apiarius = apiarius, -i (masculine noun), beekeeper
• favum comes from favus, -i (masculine noun), honeycomb
• plenum comes from plenus, -a, -um (adjective), full
• eximit comes from eximo, eximere, exemi, exemptum (verb), to take out, remove

So the sentence is built from a noun for the subject, a noun + adjective for the object, and a verb.

Because apiarius is in the nominative singular, which is the case normally used for the subject of a sentence.

The ending -us is a very common nominative singular ending for a second-declension masculine noun.

So apiarius means the beekeeper or a beekeeper as the subject.

They are both in the accusative singular masculine.

That tells you they belong together as the direct object:

• favum = honeycomb in the accusative singular
• plenum = full in the accusative singular masculine, agreeing with favum

So favum plenum means a full honeycomb or the full honeycomb as the thing being taken out.

Because the adjective agrees with the noun in:

• gender: masculine
• number: singular
• case: accusative

This is one of the most important habits in Latin: adjectives match the nouns they describe.

So plenum modifies favum, not apiarius.

In Latin, adjectives can come before or after the noun. Both are normal.

So:

• favum plenum
• plenum favum

could both work grammatically.

Latin word order is much freer than English word order. In this sentence, putting plenum after favum is perfectly natural.

Eximit is:

• present tense
• active voice
• indicative mood
• third person singular

So it means:

• he takes out
• she takes out
• it takes out

In this sentence, since apiarius is singular, eximit means the beekeeper takes out/removes.

In Latin, -t is the normal ending for a third-person singular verb in the present tense.

So:

• eximo = I take out
• eximis = you take out
• eximit = he/she/it takes out

That -t is a very useful signal that the subject is he, she, or it.

Classical Latin does not have articles like English the and a/an.

So apiarius can mean:

• a beekeeper
• the beekeeper

and favum plenum can mean:

• a full honeycomb
• the full honeycomb

You decide from context which English article fits best.

It matters much less in Latin than in English, because the endings show each word’s job.

In Apiarius favum plenum eximit:

• apiarius = subject
• favum plenum = direct object
• eximit = verb

Because the cases make the roles clear, Latin can often rearrange the words for style or emphasis.

For example, Latin could also say:

• Favum plenum apiarius eximit
• Eximit apiarius favum plenum

The exact nuance may shift a little, but the basic meaning stays the same.

Yes. Eximit is a transitive verb here, so it takes a direct object in the accusative case.

The beekeeper is removing what?
Answer: favum plenum

That is why favus becomes favum, and plenus becomes plenum.

Eximere is the infinitive, the form meaning to take out.

Eximit is one finite form of that verb, meaning he/she/it takes out.

This is just like English:

• to remove = infinitive
• removes = finite verb

In Latin dictionaries, verbs are usually listed under the first-person singular present and/or with their principal parts:

• eximo, eximere, exemi, exemptum

Often, yes, plenus can be followed by something showing what it is full of.

For example, Latin might say something like:

• melle plenus = full of honey

But it does not have to be expressed every time. In your sentence, plenum can simply mean full, with the exact content understood from context.

Since it is a honeycomb, the idea is naturally full in the relevant sense.

Not in this sentence.

If plenum described apiarius, it would need to agree with it in case. But:

• apiarius is nominative singular
• plenum is accusative singular

So they do not match.

Because plenum matches favum, it must describe favum.

A simple classroom pronunciation would be roughly:

• Apiarius = ah-pee-AH-ree-us
• favum = FAH-woom
• plenum = PLAY-noom
• eximit = EKS-ee-mit

If you are using a more classical reconstruction, the exact sounds may vary a bit, but the grammar stays the same.

Probably these three points:

1. The nominative marks the subject

   • apiarius

2. The accusative marks the direct object

   • favum

3. The adjective agrees with the noun it modifies

   • plenum agrees with favum

If you can spot those three things, you understand most of how the sentence is built.