Forma agrorum agrum limitatum ostendit.

The sentence breaks down like this:

• forma = subject
• ostendit = verb
• agrum limitatum = direct object
• agrorum = a genitive word attached to forma

So the core pattern is:

Subject + object + verb

A more literal structural reading is:

The forma of the fields shows a bounded field.

Latin often leaves the relationships to the case endings rather than to word order.

Because forma is nominative singular, which is the normal case for the subject.

The other main noun forms are not nominative:

• agrorum = genitive plural
• agrum = accusative singular

Since neither of those can be the subject here, forma is the only word that fits that role.

They are the same noun in two different cases:

• agrorum = genitive plural
• agrum = accusative singular

Latin changes noun endings depending on function in the sentence. English mostly uses word order for that, but Latin uses endings much more heavily.

So here:

• agrorum means something like of the fields
• agrum means the field as the direct object

Because ager is one of the second-declension nouns in -er whose e disappears in most of the other forms.

So:

• nominative singular: ager
• accusative singular: agrum
• genitive plural: agrorum

This is normal for this noun. A learner often has to memorize that the stem is agr-, not ager-.

Because it depends on forma and tells whose form, or the form of what.

The genitive often expresses ideas like:

• of
• possession
• association
• description

So forma agrorum means the form/shape/plan of the fields.

It is plural because agrorum refers to more than one field.

Because it is the direct object of ostendit.

The verb ostendere is transitive, so it can take a direct object: someone or something shows something.

Here, the thing being shown is agrum limitatum, so agrum is in the accusative.

It is singular because only one field is being referred to in that phrase.

Limitatum is a modifier agreeing with agrum.

It is:

• masculine
• accusative
• singular

That is why it matches agrum, which is also masculine accusative singular.

Grammatically, limitatum is a participial/adjectival form meaning something like:

• bounded
• marked out
• divided by boundaries

So agrum limitatum is a noun phrase meaning a bounded field or a delimited field.

Because limitatum is an adjective-like word modifying agrum, and adjectives normally agree with the nouns they modify in:

• gender
• number
• case

So:

• agrum = masculine accusative singular
• limitatum = masculine accusative singular

But agrorum is not an adjective modifying forma. It is a noun in the genitive, depending on forma. Genitive nouns do not have to agree with the nouns they depend on.

So this is the difference:

• agrum limitatum = agreement
• forma agrorum = noun + dependent genitive

It can be either, because the spelling is the same.

Ostendit can be:

• present tense: he/she/it shows
• perfect tense: he/she/it showed or has shown

Latin sometimes has forms that are identical in writing, and context tells you which one is intended.

In a simple teaching sentence like this, it is very often meant as present: shows.

Because Latin word order is much freer than English word order.

English depends heavily on position:

• The girl sees the boy is different from The boy sees the girl

Latin does not need word order as much, because the endings already show the job of each word.

Putting the verb at the end is very common in Latin prose. So ostendit at the end is completely natural.

Yes. Because the case endings show the grammatical roles, Latin can move words around much more than English can.

For example, these would keep the same basic sense:

• Forma agrorum agrum limitatum ostendit
• Forma agrorum ostendit agrum limitatum
• Agrum limitatum forma agrorum ostendit

The exact word order can change emphasis, but the core grammar stays the same because:

• forma is still nominative
• agrorum is still genitive
• agrum limitatum is still accusative
• ostendit is still the verb

It can mean more than just physical shape.

Depending on context, forma can mean:

• shape
• form
• appearance
• pattern
• design
• plan

In a context involving land or fields, forma agrorum may be understood more specifically as something like a plan or layout of the fields, not only their abstract shape.

So even if the basic meaning has already been given, a learner should know that forma can be broader than one single English word.