chinguwa hamkke eumsigeul nanwo meogeoyo.

Yes. -랑 is a more casual spoken equivalent of -와/과.
• 친구와 함께 음식을 나눠 먹어요. (polite-neutral)
• 친구랑 함께 음식을 나눠 먹어요. (casual)
Both mean “I share and eat food with a friend,” but -랑 feels friendlier and less formal.

Both mean “together,” but:
• 같이 is very common in everyday speech.
• 함께 sounds a bit more formal or literary.
You could say 친구와 같이 음식을 나눠 먹어요 without changing the meaning.

This is a verb‐verb compound.
• 나누다 = “to divide/share”
• 먹다 = “to eat”
Together, 나눠 먹다 means “to share and eat” (i.e. eat something by sharing it). It’s a common structure where the first verb sets up the action for the second.

The -아요/어요 ending (here -어요) is the polite informal style, called 해요체.
• It’s polite enough for strangers, colleagues, teachers, etc.
• It’s less formal than 존댓말 (e.g. 먹습니다) but more polite than casual 반말 (e.g. 먹어).

Korean is typically Subject–Object–Verb (SOV).
• 음식 (food) is the object.
• -을/를 (here -를) marks it as such.
So 음식을 나눠 먹어요 literally follows the order “food-object / share-eat-verb.”