Learn Hardcore Italian: Alla dottoressa, le descrivo bene la tosse. - To the female doctor, I describe the cough clearly.

Le is the indirect-object clitic meaning to her. It can also mean formal to You (addressing one person politely), usually written Le with a capital in letters/emails. In this sentence, because we also have alla dottoressa, it clearly means to the (female) doctor.

Why do we have both alla dottoressa and le? Isn’t that redundant?

This is clitic doubling (or clitic resumption). When the indirect object is placed at the start for emphasis/topicalization, Italian commonly repeats it with a clitic: Alla dottoressa, le… It’s very natural in speech; in careful writing it’s optional, but still frequent.

Is the comma after Alla dottoressa necessary?

It’s not strictly required, but it’s recommended because Alla dottoressa is a fronted topic. The comma signals a pause and makes reading easier: Alla dottoressa, le descrivo… Without fronting, you can just say: Descrivo bene la tosse alla dottoressa.

Can I drop le and say Alla dottoressa descrivo bene la tosse?

Yes, that’s grammatical. However, many speakers prefer the doubled version (Alla dottoressa, le…) in everyday speech; the version without le can sound a bit formal or written.

Where should bene go? Could I say le bene descrivo la tosse?

Adverbs like bene usually follow the verb: le descrivo bene la tosse. Alternatives: le descrivo la tosse bene (also fine, slightly different rhythm). You should not put bene between the clitic and the verb.

Why is it la tosse and not just tosse? Do I need mia?

Italian uses the definite article a lot more than English. La tosse is the natural way to refer to your cough in context. You’d use la mia tosse only if you need to stress whose cough (e.g., contrasting with someone else’s).

Is descrivere the best verb here? What about spiegare or raccontare?

Descrivere = to describe (give characteristics: when it started, type of cough, etc.).
Spiegare = to explain (give reasons/clarify).
Raccontare = to tell/narrate (more story-like).
All are possible depending on nuance. For a doctor, descrivere or spiegare are most typical.

How would it change if the doctor is male?

Use masculine indirect clitic gli: Al dottore, gli descrivo bene la tosse. In neutral order: Descrivo bene la tosse al dottore.

Is gli ever used for a woman?

In colloquial speech many Italians say gli for both genders, but in standard Italian you should use le for feminine and gli for masculine. In formal writing, avoid gli for a woman.

If I’m speaking politely to the doctor, should I capitalize Le?

When addressing someone formally, you can write Le with a capital: Le descrivo bene la tosse, dottoressa. Capitalization is a writing convention to mark the formal You; in speech there’s no difference in pronunciation.

Can I replace la tosse with a pronoun?

Yes. Combine le (to her) + la (it, feminine) → gliela: Alla dottoressa, gliela descrivo bene. Neutral order: Gliela descrivo bene (alla dottoressa).

Where can clitic pronouns go in the sentence?

Before a conjugated verb: Le descrivo… / Gliela descrivo…
After and attached to an infinitive/gerund/affirmative imperative: descrivergliela, descrivendogliela, Descrivigliela!

Should I use a, con, or per with a doctor?

It depends on the verb:

descrivere/spiegare/dire a qualcuno: Descrivo la tosse alla dottoressa.
parlare con qualcuno: Parlo con la dottoressa della tosse.
chiedere a qualcuno: Chiedo alla dottoressa…

Is dottoressa the only feminine word for doctor?

Common options: la dottoressa (very common), il medico (epicene; many say la medico), and increasingly la medica. All are used; preferences vary by region/register.

Could the present tense mean the near future here?

Yes. Italian often uses the present for scheduled/near-future actions, especially with context: Domani, alla dottoressa, le descrivo bene la tosse. For explicit future, use descriverò.

Could le be mistaken for the article le?

In this sentence it can’t be the article because it’s directly before a verb (le descrivo). Le as an article must precede a plural feminine noun (le dottoresse). Here it’s clearly the clitic pronoun.