Learn Hardcore Indonesian: Saya melakukan latihan kebugaran intensif setiap Sabtu pagi. - I do intensive fitness training every Saturday morning.

Melakukan roughly means to do / to carry out / to perform.
In this sentence, melakukan is a verb that takes latihan kebugaran as its object:

melakukan (to do) + latihan kebugaran (fitness training)

So the structure is: Saya (subject) melakukan (verb) latihan kebugaran (object).

You could say:

Saya latihan kebugaran intensif setiap Sabtu pagi.

This is understandable and casual, but it sounds a bit telegraphic or informal in standard written Indonesian. A more natural alternative without melakukan would be:

Saya berlatih kebugaran intensif setiap Sabtu pagi.

Here berlatih is the main verb (to practice / to train), so you don’t need melakukan.

What is the difference between melakukan latihan kebugaran and berolahraga or fitnes?

All can refer to exercising, but with different nuance:

melakukan latihan kebugaran – quite formal and specific: to do fitness training / workout routines. Often used in written or formal contexts (articles, textbooks, etc.).
berolahraga – general: to exercise / to do sports. It doesn’t specify what kind of exercise.
fitnes – a loanword from fitness, very common in spoken Indonesian. It often means going to the gym / doing gym-style workouts.
Example: Saya fitnes setiap Sabtu pagi.

So your sentence is a bit formal. Everyday speech might be:

Saya fitnes intensif setiap Sabtu pagi.
Saya berolahraga setiap Sabtu pagi. (more general)

Why is intensif placed after latihan kebugaran and not before, like in English?

In Indonesian, adjectives normally come after the noun they describe:

latihan intensif = intensive training
latihan kebugaran intensif = intensive fitness training

The order is: noun + (noun) + adjective.
So:

latihan (training)
kebugaran (fitness) – this clarifies the type of training
intensif (intensive) – describes the training

You generally wouldn’t say intensif latihan kebugaran in standard Indonesian; that sounds off. The adjective intensif naturally follows the noun phrase it modifies.

Can I change the word order of setiap Sabtu pagi? For example, can I say setiap pagi Sabtu or Sabtu pagi setiap?

The natural order is:

setiap + [unit of time] + [more specific time]

So:

setiap Sabtu pagi = every Saturday morning
(day → part of the day)

You could also say setiap hari Sabtu pagi, but that is longer and usually unnecessary.

Forms like setiap pagi Sabtu or Sabtu pagi setiap are not natural. Stick to:

setiap Sabtu pagi
or, if you want to be simpler: setiap Sabtu (every Saturday)

What’s the difference between setiap and tiap? Could I say tiap Sabtu pagi?

Yes, you can say:

Saya melakukan latihan kebugaran intensif tiap Sabtu pagi.

Setiap and tiap both mean every / each. The difference is:

setiap – slightly more formal and common in writing.
tiap – a bit more casual, very common in speech.

In most contexts they’re interchangeable, and your sentence is fine with either.

Why is Sabtu capitalized? Are days of the week always capitalized in Indonesian?

Yes, days of the week are normally capitalized in Indonesian:

Senin, Selasa, Rabu, Kamis, Jumat, Sabtu, Minggu

So Sabtu is capitalized because it is a proper name of a day.
Months and personal names are also capitalized:

Januari, Februari, …
Andi, Siti

But common nouns like latihan, kebugaran, pagi etc. are not capitalized unless they start the sentence.

How do we know this sentence talks about a regular habit (like “I work out every Saturday morning”) and not just one time in the past?

Indonesian doesn’t mark tense (past/present/future) the way English does; it relies on time expressions and context.

Here, setiap Sabtu pagi (every Saturday morning) clearly shows:

it’s habitual / repeated, not a one-time action.

Without setiap, the sentence Saya melakukan latihan kebugaran intensif Sabtu pagi is incomplete and unclear; you’d usually add something else (like tadi = earlier, besok = tomorrow).
So setiap is what tells us it’s a recurring routine.

Could I drop the Saya and just say Melakukan latihan kebugaran intensif setiap Sabtu pagi?

In normal Indonesian, you usually keep the subject pronoun like Saya, especially in a full sentence.

Saya melakukan latihan kebugaran intensif setiap Sabtu pagi. – clear and natural.

If you drop Saya, the sentence Melakukan latihan kebugaran intensif setiap Sabtu pagi feels like a fragment, or like an instruction in a list (e.g., in a workout plan):

Melakukan latihan kebugaran intensif setiap Sabtu pagi.
(Do intensive fitness training every Saturday morning.)

So for a normal statement about yourself, keep Saya.

What does latihan kebugaran literally mean, and is kebugaran a common word?

Literally:

latihan = training / practice
kebugaran = fitness (from the base bugar = fit, in good physical condition)

So latihan kebugaran = fitness training.

Kebugaran is common in:

health contexts: kebugaran jasmani (physical fitness), pusat kebugaran (fitness center)
articles, school P.E. materials, etc.

In everyday speech, people may also just say:

latihan fisik (physical training)
olahraga (exercise / sports)
fitnes (gym / fitness training, loanword)

Is it more natural to say melakukan latihan kebugaran or berlatih kebugaran?

Both are grammatically correct, but the nuance differs:

melakukan latihan kebugaran – verb + noun phrase; feels a bit more formal and “written”.
berlatih kebugaran – a single verb phrase; sounds slightly more direct and is very natural.

So you could say:

Saya berlatih kebugaran intensif setiap Sabtu pagi.

This is perfectly natural and maybe a little smoother than melakukan latihan kebugaran in many contexts.

Could I say Saya melakukan latihan kebugaran yang intensif setiap Sabtu pagi? What does adding yang do?

You can say that, and it is still correct:

latihan kebugaran intensif
latihan kebugaran yang intensif

Adding yang here slightly emphasizes or clarifies the adjective intensif, turning it into a relative clause-like structure: fitness training *that is intensive*.

However, in simple sentences like this, Indonesian speakers usually omit yang:

latihan kebugaran intensif sounds more natural and concise.