A barátom későn érkezett a találkozóra.

Breakdown of A barátom későn érkezett a találkozóra.

barát
the friend
-ra
to
későn
late
érkezni
to arrive
találkozó
the meeting

Questions & Answers about A barátom későn érkezett a találkozóra.

Why does the sentence start with A barátom instead of just Barátom?
In Hungarian you normally use the definite article a/az before a singular, definite noun—even if it has a possessive suffix. So barátom (“my friend”) still needs a: A barátom (“my friend”). Some close kinship terms (like anyám, apám) can drop the article, but barátom does not.
How is barátom formed?

You take the noun barát (“friend”) and add the 1st-person-singular possessive suffix -om, which harmonizes with the back vowel á in barát.
barát + ­om → barátom (“my friend”)

Why is későn used here, and not something like késve?
Hungarian forms many adverbs of manner/time by adding -n or -an/-en to adjectives. Adjectives ending in -ó/-ő (like késő “late”) take -n, giving későn (“late”). Other adjectives (e.g. gyors “fast”) form adverbs with -an/-en: gyorsan (“quickly”).
Why is későn placed before the verb érkezett, rather than after it?

The neutral Hungarian word order for adverbs of time or manner is to put them immediately before the verb. So in a simple sentence you get:
Subject – Adverb – Verb – Object → A barátom (S) későn (Adv) érkezett (V) a találkozóra (O).

How do you form the past-tense verb érkezett from érkezik?

The present-tense 3rd-person-singular of érkezik (“to arrive”) is érkezik. To make the simple past for 3rd-person-singular you drop the -ik ending and add the past suffix -ett (one of the three allomorphs: -ott/-ett/-ött).
érkezik → érkez- + ett → érkezett (“he/she arrived”)

Why is there another a before találkozóra?
Just like with barátom, Hungarian generally uses the definite article a/az before a definite noun—in this case találkozó (“meeting”). So a találkozóra means “to the meeting.” If it were an indefinite meeting you’d say egy találkozóra (“to a meeting”).
How is találkozóra formed? Why -ra and not -re?

-ra/-re is the allative case suffix, marking movement toward something (“to…”). You attach it to the noun:
találkozó + ra/re → találkozóra/re
Which form you choose depends on vowel harmony:
• Back-vowel words (a, á, o, ó, u, ú) take -ra
• Front-vowel words (e, é, i, í, ö, ő, ü, ű) take -re
Here találkozó has a back vowel ó, so it becomes találkozóra.

How would you say “My friends arrived late to the meeting” (plural)?

Change barátom to the plural possessive barátaim, and érkezett to the 3rd-person-plural past érkeztek:
A barátaim későn érkeztek a találkozóra.

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