A látásvizsgálat rövid.

A is the Hungarian definite article, meaning the.

So A látásvizsgálat rövid. literally corresponds to The vision test is short.

A quick note:

• a is used before consonant sounds
• az is used before vowel sounds

Since látásvizsgálat starts with l, Hungarian uses a.

In this sentence, Hungarian does not use an explicit verb for is.

In the present tense, third person singular and plural, Hungarian often leaves out the verb van (to be) in simple equational or descriptive sentences.

So:

• A látásvizsgálat rövid. = The vision test is short.

But in other cases, the verb appears:

• A látásvizsgálat rövid volt. = The vision test was short.
• A látásvizsgálat rövid lesz. = The vision test will be short.

Here rövid is not directly modifying the noun inside a noun phrase. It is the predicate adjective: it tells you something about the subject.

So the structure is:

• A látásvizsgálat = the vision test
• rövid = short

Together: The vision test is short.

Compare:

• a rövid látásvizsgálat = the short vision test
  Here rövid comes before the noun because it is directly describing it.

• A látásvizsgálat rövid. = The vision test is short.
  Here rövid comes after because it is part of the predicate.

It is a compound noun, which is very common in Hungarian.

It is made from:

• látás = sight, vision
• vizsgálat = examination, test, inspection

So látásvizsgálat literally means something like vision examination or eye test.

Hungarian often creates longer nouns by combining smaller words into one unit.

No. Hungarian adjectives do not work like adjectives in many Indo-European languages.

Hungarian has:

• no grammatical gender
• no adjective agreement for gender
• limited agreement behavior compared with languages like German or Spanish

So rövid stays rövid here.

That means you do not need to change it for masculine/feminine/neuter, because Hungarian does not have that kind of system.

Yes. That is also natural Hungarian.

Both are possible:

• A látásvizsgálat rövid.
• Rövid a látásvizsgálat.

The difference is mainly focus or emphasis.

• A látásvizsgálat rövid.
  Neutral statement: The vision test is short.

• Rövid a látásvizsgálat.
  More emphasis on short: The vision test is short / It’s short, the vision test.

Hungarian word order is flexible, and changes often reflect information structure rather than basic grammar.

A helpful rough pronunciation is:

LAA-taash-vizsh-gah-lat

A few key points:

• á is a long vowel, roughly like aa
• s is pronounced like sh
• sz is pronounced like English s
• zs is pronounced like the s in measure
• stress in Hungarian normally falls on the first syllable of the word

So:

• látás sounds roughly like LAA-taash
• vizsgálat sounds roughly like VIZH-gaa-lat

Because it is the subject of the sentence, so it appears in its basic dictionary form, which is often called the nominative form.

In:

• A látásvizsgálat rövid.

látásvizsgálat is the thing being talked about, so no extra case ending is needed.

If it had another role, it might take an ending. For example:

• látásvizsgálatot = vision test (as a direct object)

But in your sentence, the plain form is correct.

Yes. Rövid can mean both short and brief, depending on context.

So this sentence could be understood as:

• The vision test is short.
• The vision test is brief.

That is normal. Hungarian rövid can describe:

• physical length
• duration
• brevity in speech or writing

Here it most naturally refers to duration or briefness.