A kávéfőző tegnap meghibásodott.

A is the definite article, meaning the.

Hungarian has two forms:

• a before most consonant sounds
• az before vowel sounds

So:

• a kávéfőző = the coffee maker
• but az autó = the car

Yes. Hungarian very often forms compound nouns as a single word.

kávéfőző is made from:

• kávé = coffee
• főző = cooker, brewer, something used for cooking/brewing

So kávéfőző literally means something like coffee-brewer, which is why it means coffee maker.

Roughly: KAA-vay-foe-zuh, but with Hungarian vowels.

A more careful approximation is:

• ká = long aa
• vé = long ay
• fő = a rounded vowel somewhat like German ö
• ző = another long ő sound

Important pronunciation points:

• Stress is always on the first syllable: KÁ-vé-fő-ző
• The accents show vowel length
• ő is a long front rounded vowel, which English does not really have

Because tegnap is already a time adverb meaning yesterday.

Hungarian has many time words that can stand on their own without a preposition:

• ma = today
• holnap = tomorrow
• tegnap = yesterday

So Hungarian does not need a separate word like on or in here.

Hungarian word order is much more flexible than English word order.

In this sentence, A kávéfőző tegnap meghibásodott, the order is natural and neutral:

• topic: A kávéfőző
• time information: tegnap
• verb: meghibásodott

This does not mean the verb must always be last in Hungarian. Word order often changes to show emphasis or focus.

For example:

• Tegnap a kávéfőző meghibásodott.
  This puts more attention on yesterday.

So the sentence-final verb here is normal, but not a strict rule.

The dictionary form is meghibásodik.

That is the infinitive-like base form you would look up in a dictionary as a verb meaning to break down, to malfunction, or to develop a fault.

So:

• meghibásodik = breaks down / malfunctions
• meghibásodott = broke down / malfunctioned

It can be broken down like this:

• meg- = a verbal prefix
• hibás = faulty, defective
• -odik = part of the verb formation
• past form: -ott

You do not always need to analyze every piece in normal use, but it helps to know that Hungarian often builds verbs from smaller parts.

The whole verb meghibásodik means to become faulty / to break down.

In many verbs, meg- adds a sense of completion or result.

With meghibásodik, it helps give the sense that the machine ended up in a faulty state or broke down.

This is one reason Hungarian verbal prefixes are important: they often affect aspect or the result of the action.

That said, with many common verbs, it is best to learn the whole verb as a unit:

• meghibásodik = to malfunction

Hungarian usually marks past tense directly on the verb.

Here, meghibásodott is the past-tense form. English needs a separate auxiliary sometimes, but Hungarian does not.

So Hungarian says it in one word:

• meghibásodott = broke down / malfunctioned

There is no separate word like did.

Because Hungarian often leaves out subject pronouns when they are unnecessary.

In this sentence, the subject is already stated:

• A kávéfőző = the coffee maker

So there is no need to add a separate pronoun like it.

Hungarian commonly avoids repeating pronouns if the subject is already clear.

No, not in this sentence.

Hungarian does have definite and indefinite verb conjugation, but that depends on the direct object, not on the subject.

Here, a kávéfőző is the subject, and the verb meghibásodott is intransitive, so there is no direct object at all.

So the fact that the sentence starts with a kávéfőző does not trigger a special definite object verb form.

Yes, very often you could.

• elromlott = broke, went wrong, stopped working
• meghibásodott = malfunctioned, developed a fault

The difference is mainly one of style and nuance:

• elromlott is very common and everyday
• meghibásodott can sound a bit more formal or technical

So for a household appliance, both are possible, but meghibásodott may sound slightly more technical.

Yes, often you can, but the emphasis changes.

For example:

• A kávéfőző tegnap meghibásodott.
  Neutral statement.
• Tegnap a kávéfőző meghibásodott.
  More emphasis on yesterday.

Hungarian word order is strongly connected to information structure, not just grammar. So different orders may all be grammatical, but they highlight different parts of the sentence.