पिता मेज़ से पत्र ले रहे हैं।

Because ले रहे हैं is a progressive/imperfective verb form, not a perfective one.

In Hindi, the postposition ने is typically used with the subject of a transitive verb in the perfective aspect, for example:

• पिता ने पत्र लिया। = Father took the letter.

But in the sentence:

• पिता मेज़ से पत्र ले रहे हैं।

the verb means are taking, which is ongoing, so ने is not used.

A useful contrast:

• पिता पत्र लेते हैं। = Father takes letters / Father takes the letter(s).
• पिता पत्र ले रहे हैं। = Father is taking the letter.
• पिता ने पत्र लिया। = Father took the letter.

This is a very common Hindi pattern.

ले रहे हैं breaks down like this:

• ले = the stem of लेना (to take) used before another verb element
• रहे = the progressive marker, showing an ongoing action
• हैं = the present tense form of to be

So together, ले रहे हैं means are taking or is taking.

This structure is extremely common in Hindi:

• खा रहा है = is eating
• पढ़ रही है = is reading
• लिख रहे हैं = are writing / is writing (respectful)

Because Hindi often uses plural agreement for respect.

Even though पिता refers to one person, it is common and natural to treat respected people grammatically like plural/honorific subjects. That is why you get:

• पिता ... ले रहे हैं
• not normally पिता ... ले रहा है

This is similar to how Hindi uses respectful forms such as आप, which take plural-style verb agreement even when talking to one person.

So here:

• रहे हैं = respectful masculine singular, or actual plural
• in this sentence, it is understood as respectful singular

Here से means from.

So:

• मेज़ से = from the table

It marks the source or starting point of the movement.

Compare:

• मेज़ पर पत्र है। = The letter is on the table.
• पिता मेज़ से पत्र ले रहे हैं। = Father is taking the letter from the table.

So पर means on, while से here means from.

Because Hindi nouns usually do not change much in the way English learners may expect, especially in the singular.

Instead of changing the noun itself a lot, Hindi often adds a postposition after it, such as:

• से = from, by, with
• में = in
• पर = on
• को = to, object marker

So:

• मेज़ = table
• मेज़ से = from the table

The important grammatical marker is the postposition से.

Hindi usually follows Subject–Object–Verb order, while English usually uses Subject–Verb–Object.

English:

• Father is taking the letter from the table.

Hindi:

• पिता मेज़ से पत्र ले रहे हैं।
• literally: Father table-from letter taking are

The main verb usually comes at the end in Hindi.

Also, Hindi uses postpositions after nouns, not prepositions before them. So English says from the table, but Hindi says मेज़ से = table from.

Because Hindi does not have articles like a, an, and the.

So:

• पत्र can mean a letter or the letter
• मेज़ can mean a table or the table

You understand which one is meant from context.

That is why पत्र in this sentence can naturally be translated as the letter even though there is no separate word for the.

Both can mean letter, but they are not always identical in tone.

• पत्र is more formal, literary, or standard.
• चिट्ठी is more everyday and common in casual speech.

So this sentence sounds a bit more formal or textbook-like because it uses पत्र.

In everyday conversation, many speakers might also say:

• पिता मेज़ से चिट्ठी ले रहे हैं।

Both are understandable.

Yes, depending on the exact meaning.

• ले रहे हैं focuses on taking
• उठा रहे हैं focuses more on picking up / lifting

So:

• पिता मेज़ se पत्र ले रहे हैं। = Father is taking the letter from the table.
• पिता मेज़ से पत्र उठा रहे हैं। = Father is picking up the letter from the table.

In many situations, both could fit, but the nuance is slightly different.

Yes.

In this sentence:

• पिता = subject
• मेज़ से = source phrase (from the table)
• पत्र = direct object
• ले रहे हैं = verb phrase

So the action is being done by पिता, and the thing being taken is पत्र.

Yes.

Hindi can use family-role words like पिता, माँ, भाई, etc. without always saying my, especially when the context already makes it clear.

So:

• पिता मेज़ से पत्र ले रहे हैं।

can naturally mean:

• Father is taking the letter from the table.

If you want to make my father explicit, you could say:

• मेरे पिता मेज़ से पत्र ले रहे हैं।

Both are possible. The shorter version is common when the relationship is obvious from context.

The progressive part would change to agree with a feminine subject.

For example:

• माँ मेज़ से पत्र ले रही हैं। = Mother is taking the letter from the table.

Compare:

• masculine respectful: ले रहे हैं
• feminine respectful: ले रही हैं

If the subject were a non-respectful masculine singular, it would be:

• लड़का मेज़ से पत्र ले रहा है।

So the रहा / रही / रहे part changes according to gender and number/respect.