הארנק שלי מלא כסף, אבל הספל שלי כמעט ריק.

In the present tense, Hebrew usually leaves out the verb to be.

So:

• הארנק שלי מלא כסף = My wallet is full of money
• הספל שלי כמעט ריק = My cup is almost empty

This is very normal Hebrew. In the past or future, Hebrew does use forms of to be, for example:

• הארנק שלי היה מלא כסף = My wallet was full of money
• הספל שלי יהיה ריק = My cup will be empty

That is the standard everyday Hebrew way to show possession:

• הארנק שלי = my wallet
• הספל שלי = my cup

Literally, it is something like the wallet of me.

Also, שלי does not change based on the gender of the thing owned. It still stays שלי whether the noun is masculine, feminine, singular, or plural.

There is also a shorter form like ארנקי for my wallet, but that sounds more formal, literary, or old-fashioned.

Because ה + noun + שלי is the normal way to say my specific X in modern Hebrew.

• הארנק שלי = my wallet
• הספל שלי = my cup

Without ה־, the phrase can sound more like a wallet of mine or some cup of mine, not the definite my wallet / my cup.

So for a straightforward possessive meaning, the version with ה־ is the expected one.

Because adjectives in Hebrew must agree with the noun they describe in gender and number.

Here:

• ארנק is masculine singular, so: מלא
• ספל is masculine singular, so: ריק

If the noun were feminine singular, the adjectives would change:

• הכוס שלי מלאה = my cup is full
• הכוס שלי כמעט ריקה = my cup is almost empty

Other common forms:

• masculine plural: מלאים / ריקים
• feminine plural: מלאות / ריקות

Because כסף here is not the specific money; it is just money in a general mass-noun sense.

So:

• מלא כסף = full of money

That is the natural form here.

If you added ה־ and said הכסף, it would sound like you mean some specific money already known from context, and it would not fit this sentence naturally.

Hebrew often uses מלא + noun directly, without a separate word for of.

So:

• מלא כסף = full of money
• מלא מים = full of water
• מלא אנשים = full of people

That is a normal Hebrew pattern.

You may also hear מלא ב־... in some cases, such as מלא בכסף, but מלא כסף is very natural and common here.

Because כמעט is an adverb meaning almost / nearly, and it usually comes right before the word it modifies.

So:

• כמעט ריק = almost empty
• כמעט מוכן = almost ready
• כמעט נפל = almost fell

In this sentence, כמעט modifies ריק, so it comes directly before it.

Yes, but the nuance changes a little.

• ספל usually means mug or a sturdier kind of cup
• כוס is a more general word for cup or glass

So if you used כוס, the sentence would still make sense, but the noun would be feminine, so the adjective would also have to change:

• הכוס שלי כמעט ריקה

not

• הכוס שלי כמעט ריק

Yes, but it means something slightly different.

• הארנק שלי מלא כסף emphasizes that the wallet is full
• יש הרבה כסף בארנק שלי means there is a lot of money in my wallet

Both are natural, but the first one is more vivid and focuses on the state of the wallet itself.

Yes. אבל is the standard, common, everyday word for but.

So in this sentence:

• ..., אבל ... = ..., but ...

It connects two contrasting ideas:

• the wallet is full
• the cup is almost empty

There are other words that can sometimes mean but, such as אך, but אבל is the most common neutral choice.