Na karanta kwangilar.

I read the contract.

Breakdown of Na karanta kwangilar.

• ni: I
• karanta: to read
• kwangila: the contract

Questions & Answers about Na karanta kwangilar.

What does Na mean in this sentence?

Na is the 1st person singular completive marker. In simpler terms, it combines:

• the subject: I
• a completed action: something like did / have done

So Na karanta kwangilar can be understood as I read the contract or I have read the contract, depending on context.

Is Na karanta kwangilar definitely past tense?

Not exactly. Hausa often focuses more on aspect than on tense.

Here, na shows that the action is completed. In English, that may come out as:

• I read the contract
• I have read the contract

The exact time usually comes from context or from a time word such as jiya (yesterday).

Why isn’t there a separate word for I?