Kofi ya cika da ruwa.

The cup is full of water.

Breakdown of Kofi ya cika da ruwa.

• ruwa: the water
• da: with
• kofi: the cup
• cika: to be full

Questions & Answers about Kofi ya cika da ruwa.

What does ya mean in this sentence, since the subject is already Kofi?

In Kofi ya cika da ruwa, ya is a subject pronoun + tense/aspect marker.

• It shows:
  • who is doing the action (3rd person singular, masculine: he/it), and
  • what aspect/tense the verb is in (here: perfective, a completed action).

So literally, the structure is:

• Kofi – the cup (a masculine noun in Hausa)
• ya – he/it (masc) has
• cika – become full / filled
• da ruwa – with water

You cannot drop ya.
❌ Kofi cika da ruwa is ungrammatical.
✅ Kofi ya cika da ruwa is correct.

Why is a cup treated as masculine? Does Hausa have grammatical gender?

Yes, Hausa has grammatical gender: nouns are either masculine or feminine, and this includes inanimate objects like cup, house, car, etc.

• Kofi (cup) is grammatically masculine, so it takes ya (3rd person singular masculine) as its subject marker.
• If the noun were feminine, you would see ta instead of ya.

Examples:

• Kofi ya cika da ruwa. – The cup is full of water. (masculine)
• Kwakwa ta bushe. – The coconut is dry. (feminine, so ta)

You generally have to learn the gender of each noun. Sometimes ending patterns help, but often it’s just part of the word’s dictionary information.

Why is there no separate word for “is” in this sentence?

Hausa often does not use a separate verb that corresponds directly to English “to be” in this kind of sentence.

Here, ya cika is a perfective verb phrase, which literally means something like:

• “it has become full” or
• “it has filled up”

Because the action is completed and we’re looking at the resulting state, the natural English translation is:

• “The cup is full of water.”

So Hausa uses a completed-action form to express a state:

• Kofi ya cika da ruwa.
  Literally: The cup has filled up with water.
  Translation: The cup is full of water.

There are other structures to express “is” (for example, pronoun + ne/ce constructions or yake with adjectives), but here the perfective verb covers the meaning.

What tense or aspect is ya cika, and how is it different from a progressive form?

Ya cika is perfective aspect – it expresses a completed event.

• Kofi ya cika da ruwa.
  → The cup has (already) become full of water. It’s full now.

To express something ongoing, you would use an imperfective / progressive form:

• Kofin yana cika da ruwa.
  → The cup is filling up with water. / The cup is getting full of water.

So:

• Perfective (ya cika) – completed, focusing on the resulting state: is (now) full
• Imperfective (yana cika) – ongoing process: is filling up

What exactly does da mean here? Is it “and” or “with”?

In this sentence, da means “with”, in the sense of “full with X” = “full of X”.

• cika da ruwa → be full with water → be full of water

Hausa da is very flexible; it can mean:

• “and” (linking nouns):
  
  • Ali da Musa – Ali and Musa
• “with” / “using” (instrument):
  
  • Na yanka nama da wuka. – I cut the meat with a knife.
• “with / having” (possession/containment):
  
  • gidaje da bene – houses with upstairs floors

After cika or cike (‘to be full’), da is the normal word to introduce what something is full of:

• cike da mutane – full of people
• cike da kaya – full of goods
• cika da ruwa – full of water

Can I say “full of water” in another way, like with na instead of da?

With the verb cika / cike (“to be full”), Hausa strongly prefers da:

• ✅ Kofi ya cika da ruwa. – The cup is full of water.
• ✅ Daki ya cike da mutane. – The room is full of people.

Using na here would sound wrong or at least very unnatural:

• ❌ Kofi ya cika na ruwa. – not idiomatic.

So, for “full of X” in the usual sense, use cika/cike da X, not na X.

What is the difference between Kofi ya cika da ruwa and just Kofi ya cika?

Both are grammatical, but the meaning is slightly different.

• Kofi ya cika da ruwa.
  → The cup is full of water.
  You specify what it is full of.

• Kofi ya cika.
  → The cup is full / The cup has filled up.
  The content is not mentioned; it could be water, tea, sand, etc., or it’s already clear from context.

So da ruwa adds the specific content. Without it, you just say “it’s full”, leaving the substance unspecified.

Where is the word for “the” in this sentence? Why isn’t it kofin?

Hausa does not have a separate word for “the” like English. Instead, definiteness is often shown with a suffix on the noun, especially in context:

• kofi – a cup / cup (indefinite or generic)
• kofin – the cup or the cup of … (definite / possessive depending on context)

In many real contexts, you would likely hear:

• Kofin ya cika da ruwa. – The cup is full of water.

Your example Kofi ya cika da ruwa (without -n) can often still be translated as “The cup is full of water”, because Hausa heavily relies on context for definiteness.

So:

• kofi vs kofin
  
  • kofi – bare noun, can be “a cup” or “the cup” depending on situation
  • kofin – more explicitly definite or linked to something (e.g. the cup of tea → kofin shayi)

Could Kofi here also be a person’s name (like the Ghanaian name “Kofi”)? Would the meaning change?

In writing without tone marks, Kofi could look like a person’s name. However, in Hausa this sentence is naturally understood as:

• Kofi – cup
• Kofi ya cika da ruwa. – The cup is full of water.

If you wanted to say “Kofi (the man) filled it with water”, you would normally need to show what he filled:

• Kofi ya cika kofin da ruwa. – Kofi filled the cup with water.
• Kofi ya cika shi da ruwa. – Kofi filled it with water.

Without an object (kofin / shi / ita / su etc.), Kofi ya cika da ruwa would sound odd if you tried to interpret Kofi as a person; it would literally be something like “Kofi (the man) became full with water”, which makes no sense in normal context.

So in practice, native speakers reading this sentence will interpret Kofi as “cup”, not a person’s name.

How would I say “The cup is not full of water”?

For negative perfective with a masculine subject, Hausa uses bai … ba.

A natural sentence is:

• Kofin bai cika da ruwa ba.
  → The cup is not full of water.

Breakdown:

• Kofin – the cup
• bai … ba – negative frame for 3rd person singular masculine perfective
• cika da ruwa – be full of water

Structure:
Kofin + bai + cika da ruwa + ba.

If you keep kofi without -n, you get:

• Kofi bai cika da ruwa ba. – A/the cup is not full of water. (definiteness from context)

What is the plural of kofi, and how would the sentence change for “The cups are full of water”?

The common plural of kofi (cup) is kofuna.

To say “The cups are full of water”, you need the 3rd person plural subject marker sun:

• Kofuna sun cika da ruwa.
  → The cups are full of water.

Breakdown:

• Kofuna – cups
• sun – they (3rd person plural) + perfective
• cika da ruwa – be full of water

How is cika pronounced, and does it have other meanings?

Pronunciation:

• cika is pronounced roughly like “chee-kah”.
  • c in Hausa is like English “ch” in church.
  • Both vowels are short: i as in sit (but a bit clearer), a as in father.

Meanings of cika include:

• to fill / to become full
  
  • Kofi ya cika da ruwa. – The cup is full of water.
• to complete / to finish (time, period, quantity)
  
  • Shekara ta cika. – The year is complete / a year has passed.
• to fulfill (a promise, condition)
  
  • Ka cika alkawari. – You fulfilled the promise.

So it’s a fairly common verb with the core idea of “filling / completing / reaching fullness or completion.”

Does ruwa always mean “water,” or does it have other uses?

Ruwa primarily means “water”, but it can extend to related ideas:

• water in general
  
  • Ina son ruwa. – I like water.
• rain
  
  • Ruwa ya sauka. – It has rained.
• by extension, some liquids / fluid contexts (depending on collocation)

In your sentence:

• Kofi ya cika da ruwa.
  → It is clearly “water” filling the cup.