Η δασκάλα εξηγεί όχι μόνο τη γραμματική αλλά και τον πολιτισμό της χώρας.

The teacher explains not only the grammar but also the culture of the country.

Breakdown of Η δασκάλα εξηγεί όχι μόνο τη γραμματική αλλά και τον πολιτισμό της χώρας.

• η δασκάλα: the female teacher
• εξηγώ: to explain
• η χώρα: the country
• η γραμματική: the grammar
• όχι μόνο ... αλλά και: not only ... but also
• ο πολιτισμός: the culture

Questions & Answers about Η δασκάλα εξηγεί όχι μόνο τη γραμματική αλλά και τον πολιτισμό της χώρας.

Why is there no word for “she” in the Greek sentence? Where is the subject?

The subject is contained in the noun η δασκάλα (the teacher).

In Greek, you normally don’t need a separate subject pronoun (like αυτή = she) if the subject is already clear from:

• a noun (η δασκάλα)
• or from the verb ending (for example, εξηγεί clearly shows 3rd person singular: he/she/it explains).

So:

• Η δασκάλα εξηγεί … = The teacher explains …
  Saying Αυτή η δασκάλα εξηγεί … (This teacher explains …) is possible but adds emphasis or contrast.
  Saying Αυτή εξηγεί … (She explains …) is also possible if the person has already been mentioned and is clear from context.

What form is εξηγεί? How is it conjugated and what does it tell us?

εξηγεί is:

• Present tense
• Active voice
• 3rd person singular
• From the verb εξηγώ (to explain).

Basic present conjugation of εξηγώ:

• (εγώ) εξηγώ – I explain
• (εσύ) εξηγείς – you explain
• (αυτός/αυτή/αυτό) εξηγεί – he/she/it explains
• (εμείς) εξηγούμε – we explain
• (εσείς) εξηγείτε – you (plural/formal) explain
• (αυτοί/αυτές/αυτά) εξηγούν(ε) – they explain

So εξηγεί on its own already means he/she/it explains; here the noun η δασκάλα tells us it’s she (the teacher).

What does the construction όχι μόνο … αλλά και … mean exactly, and how does it work?

όχι μόνο … αλλά και … is a fixed contrastive pattern meaning:

• not only … but also …

In this sentence:

• όχι μόνο τη γραμματική = not only (the) grammar
• αλλά και τον πολιτισμό = but also (the) culture

So the verb εξηγεί is shared by both objects:

• εξηγεί όχι μόνο τη γραμματική αλλά και τον πολιτισμό
  = explains not only the grammar but also the culture.

You can use this pattern with:

• verbs: Όχι μόνο διαβάζει, αλλά και γράφει.
• nouns: Όχι μόνο τη γραμματική αλλά και το λεξιλόγιο.
• adjectives: Είναι όχι μόνο έξυπνος αλλά και εργατικός.

Could the word order around όχι μόνο change? For example, can I say Η δασκάλα όχι μόνο εξηγεί τη γραμματική αλλά και τον πολιτισμό?

Yes, Greek word order is quite flexible, and that sentence is also correct:

• Η δασκάλα όχι μόνο εξηγεί τη γραμματική αλλά και τον πολιτισμό της χώρας.

Differences:

• Η δασκάλα εξηγεί όχι μόνο τη γραμματική αλλά και …
  – Focuses first on the action εξηγεί and then contrasts the two objects.
• Η δασκάλα όχι μόνο εξηγεί τη γραμματική αλλά και …
  – Slightly stronger emphasis on the contrast in what the teacher does (not only explains this, but also that).

Both are natural; the original version is very common and clear.

Why is it τη γραμματική and not την γραμματική?

The full, “underlying” form of the feminine accusative singular article is την.
However, in everyday speech and writing, την and μην are usually shortened to τη and μη before a consonant (except for some cases with /d/, /t/, /n/, /l/, /r/ etc.).

So:

• την Ελλάδα → almost always pronounced and written την Ελλάδα (vowel after it)
• την γραμματική → commonly written and pronounced τη γραμματική

You will often see:

• τη γραμματική, τη γλώσσα, τη δουλειά

Both τη γραμματική and την γραμματική are understandable; τη γραμματική is the normal modern form.

What case, gender, and number is τη γραμματική, and why?

τη γραμματική is:

• Feminine – γραμματική ends in -η, a common feminine ending.
• Singular – talking about grammar as a singular concept.
• Accusative – it’s the direct object of the verb εξηγεί (explains what? grammar).

Form breakdown:

• Nominative: η γραμματική – the grammar (subject)
• Accusative: τη(ν) γραμματική – the grammar (object)

Here it’s the thing that is being explained, so it must be in the accusative.

Why is it τον πολιτισμό? What does this form tell us?

τον πολιτισμό is:

• Masculine – πολιτισμός ends in -ος, a common masculine ending.
• Singular – talking about culture as a singular concept.
• Accusative – again, it’s a direct object of εξηγεί.

Declension of πολιτισμός (culture):

• Nominative: ο πολιτισμός – the culture (subject)
• Accusative: τον πολιτισμό – the culture (object)

So in the sentence:

• εξηγεί … τον πολιτισμό = explains the culture
  The article τον clearly marks it as masculine accusative singular.

What does της χώρας literally mean, and why is χώρας in that form?

της χώρας literally means “of the country”.

Grammar:

• η χώρα – the country (nominative singular)
• της χώρας – of the country (genitive singular)

Here, της χώρας is in the genitive case, which in Greek is used for:

• possession: το βιβλίο του δασκάλου – the teacher’s book
• origin, relationships, “of”-phrases, etc.

So τον πολιτισμό της χώρας = the culture of the country / the country’s culture.

χώρα → χώρας is the regular genitive singular change for many feminine nouns in -α/-η:

• η γλώσσα → της γλώσσας
• η πόλη → της πόλης
• η χώρα → της χώρας

Why is there a definite article (η, τη, τον, της) everywhere, when in English we just say “grammar” and “culture” without the?

Greek uses the definite article much more often than English.

In this sentence:

• η δασκάλα – the teacher
• τη γραμματική – the grammar
• τον πολιτισμό – the culture
• της χώρας – of the country

Even if in English we might say:

• She explains grammar and the culture of the country.

Greek often prefers definite nouns when you talk about things in a general, known, or abstract way in context, especially in teaching/learning contexts:

• Μαθαίνουμε τη γραμματική. – We learn grammar.
• Διδάσκω τα μαθηματικά. – I teach math.

So the articles here sound completely natural and standard in Greek, even though English doesn’t always use the in similar places.

What is the difference between η δασκάλα and μία δασκάλα? Could I say Μία δασκάλα εξηγεί …?

Yes, you can say Μία δασκάλα εξηγεί όχι μόνο τη γραμματική αλλά και τον πολιτισμό της χώρας, but the meaning changes slightly.

• η δασκάλα = the teacher
  – a specific teacher that the context has in mind (the teacher in this class, the one we’ve mentioned, etc.).

• μία δασκάλα = a teacher
  – some teacher, one teacher, not a specific one already known to the listener.

So:

• Η δασκάλα εξηγεί … – The teacher explains … (the teacher we’re talking about).
• Μία δασκάλα εξηγεί … – A teacher explains … (introducing a teacher in a general example or story).

Why is δασκάλα used here and not καθηγήτρια? What’s the difference between them?

Both refer to a female teacher, but they are used in different educational contexts:

• η δασκάλα

  • Typically a female teacher in primary/elementary school.
  • ο δάσκαλος is the male equivalent.

• η καθηγήτρια

  • A female teacher in secondary school, high school, or university, or a professor.
  • ο καθηγητής is the male equivalent.

So the choice of η δασκάλα implies we’re most likely talking about a schoolteacher for younger students, not a university professor.

Is any punctuation (like a comma) needed around όχι μόνο … αλλά και?

In this particular sentence:

• Η δασκάλα εξηγεί όχι μόνο τη γραμματική αλλά και τον πολιτισμό της χώρας.

no comma is necessary, and it is perfectly standard as written.

Sometimes you might see a comma before αλλά in longer or more complex sentences, especially when there is a full clause after αλλά:

• Όχι μόνο εξηγεί τη γραμματική, αλλά βοηθά και τους μαθητές με τις εργασίες τους.

Here the comma is more natural because you’re separating two larger coordinated parts. In your original sentence, the coordinated parts are just two noun phrases, so it’s usually written without a comma.