Der Richter vertagt die Verhandlung bis morgen.

Because Der Richter is the subject of the sentence — the person doing the action.

• der Richter = nominative singular masculine
• den Richter = accusative singular masculine

Here, the judge is the one who adjourns/postpones the hearing, so German uses the nominative form: der Richter.

Because Verhandlung is a feminine noun, and in the singular, the definite article is:

• nominative feminine: die
• accusative feminine: die

So the form does not change here.
That means die Verhandlung can be either nominative or accusative, and you have to tell from the sentence structure that it is the direct object.

In this sentence:

• Der Richter = subject
• vertagt = verb
• die Verhandlung = object

Vertagt is the 3rd person singular present tense form of vertagen.

The verb forms are:

• ich vertage
• du vertagst
• er/sie/es vertagt
• wir vertagen
• ihr vertagt
• sie/Sie vertagen

Since der Richter is he / third person singular, the sentence uses vertagt.

No. Vertagen is not separable.

That is why you say:

• Der Richter vertagt die Verhandlung.

and not something like:

• Der Richter tagt die Verhandlung ver. ❌

Many learners wonder about this because some German verbs with prefixes separate, but ver- verbs are usually inseparable.

Because German main clauses normally follow the V2 rule: the finite verb comes in the second position.

In this sentence:

• Position 1: Der Richter
• Position 2: vertagt
• then the rest: die Verhandlung bis morgen

This is one of the most important word-order rules in German.

For example, you could also move the time phrase to the front:

• Bis morgen vertagt der Richter die Verhandlung.

The verb still stays in second position.

Bis morgen means until tomorrow.

In this sentence, it tells you how long the hearing is postponed.
So the hearing is adjourned until tomorrow.

A useful point: this does not mean the judge is doing the postponing tomorrow. The act of adjourning happens now, and the delay lasts until tomorrow.

Because here morgen means tomorrow, which is an adverb, not a noun.

Compare:

• morgen = tomorrow
• der Morgen = the morning

German capitalizes nouns, so:

• bis morgen = until tomorrow
• am Morgen = in the morning

That difference is very common and very important.

Yes, it is in the present tense.

The verb vertagt is present tense. That makes sense because the judge is making the decision now.
The phrase bis morgen just adds the time limit of the postponement.

German often uses the present tense where English might also use present tense or sometimes a future idea, especially when a time expression makes things clear.

They are similar, but vertagen is more formal and specific.

• vertagen = to adjourn / postpone formally, especially a hearing, court session, meeting, debate
• verschieben = to move/postpone something in a more general sense

So with der Richter and die Verhandlung, vertagen is a very natural choice because it sounds like an official legal action.

Because die Verhandlung is the direct object of the verb vertagen.

The verb vertagen takes an object directly:

• eine Sitzung vertagen
• die Verhandlung vertagen
• den Prozess vertagen

So you do not need a preposition such as für or auf before the noun in this basic structure.

Yes, as long as the finite verb stays in second position in a main clause.

For example:

• Der Richter vertagt die Verhandlung bis morgen.
• Bis morgen vertagt der Richter die Verhandlung.

Both are grammatical.

The second version gives more emphasis to bis morgen.
German allows this kind of movement more freely than English, but the V2 rule still has to be respected.

Because bis morgen functions as a time expression modifying the verb vertagt.

It tells us until when the hearing is adjourned.
So the structure is essentially:

• The judge adjourns [the hearing] [until tomorrow].

It is not describing the noun Verhandlung by itself; it is describing the result of the action.

Verhandlung is a feminine noun: die Verhandlung.

It often means things like:

• hearing
• proceedings
• negotiation
• trial session

The exact English translation depends on context.
In a legal context with Richter, it usually refers to a hearing or court proceeding.

It is also useful to notice the ending -ung, which very often makes a noun feminine in German.