Der Richter liest die Akte.

Because German nouns have grammatical gender.

• Richter is masculine, so its dictionary form is der Richter
• Akte is feminine, so its dictionary form is die Akte

In this sentence:

• der Richter = the subject
• die Akte = the direct object

So the articles are not random; they match the gender of each noun.

The person doing the action is der Richter.

There are two main clues:

1. Word order: German main clauses usually follow subject + verb + object
2. Case marking: der Richter is clearly nominative here, which marks the subject

So Der Richter liest die Akte means the judge is reading the file, not the other way around.

Because lesen is the infinitive, and liest is the form used with he/she/it.

The verb is lesen = to read.

Present tense:

• ich lese
• du liest
• er/sie/es liest
• wir lesen
• ihr lest
• sie/Sie lesen

Since der Richter = he, the correct form is liest.

This is a common vowel change in German strong verbs.

With du and er/sie/es, lesen changes from e to ie:

• ich lese
• du liest
• er liest

So liest is not irregular in a random way; it follows a common strong-verb pattern.

Because many German nouns do not change form in the singular accusative.

In die Akte, the noun Akte stays the same. The article helps show the grammatical role.

For feminine singular nouns, the article is:

• nominative: die
• accusative: die

So the form looks the same in both cases. You understand its role mainly from sentence structure and context.

Akte usually means a file, case file, or official set of documents.

In a legal context, die Akte often means the documents connected to a court case. So this is not just any random piece of paper; it suggests an official file or dossier.

In normal usage, der Richter refers to a male judge.

For a female judge, German usually uses die Richterin.

So:

• der Richter = male judge
• die Richterin = female judge

In this sentence, the wording suggests that the judge is male.

Yes, German word order is somewhat flexible, but the verb normally stays in the second position in a main clause.

You could say:

Die Akte liest der Richter.

That still means The judge is reading the file, but now die Akte is emphasized.

The more neutral, standard order is:

Der Richter liest die Akte.

So learners should treat the original sentence as the basic default pattern.

Because all German nouns are capitalized.

So:

• Richter is capitalized because it is a noun
• Akte is capitalized because it is a noun

This is one of the most noticeable spelling rules in German.

A useful approximate pronunciation is:

RIKH-ter

A few details:

• Ri- sounds like ri in rid, not like English rye
• the ch after i is the soft German sound heard in ich
• -ter is unstressed

Also:

• liest sounds roughly like leest
• Akte sounds roughly like AHK-tuh

The ch in Richter is especially important, because it is not pronounced like English ch in church.

The plurals are:

• der Richter → die Richter
• die Akte → die Akten

So you could also say:

• Die Richter lesen die Akten.

That means The judges are reading the files.