La luanto legis la leĝon hieraŭ.

In Esperanto, -n marks the direct object of the verb.

• la luanto = the tenant → the one doing the action
• la leĝon = the law → the thing being read

So in La luanto legis la leĝon hieraŭ, the tenant is the subject, and the law is the direct object.

A basic pattern is:

• subject: usually no -n
• direct object: takes -n

That is why you get:

• luanto
• leĝon

Legis is the past tense form of legi (to read).

Esperanto verb endings are very regular:

• -as = present
• -is = past
• -os = future
• -us = conditional
• -u = command / jussive
• -i = infinitive

So:

• legi = to read
• legas = reads / is reading
• legis = read
• legos = will read

In this sentence, legis shows that the action happened in the past.

La is the Esperanto definite article, meaning the.

So:

• la luanto = the tenant
• la leĝo = the law

Esperanto has only one article: la. It does not change for gender, number, or case.

Unlike English, Esperanto has:

• a definite article: la
• no indefinite article like a/an

So if you removed la, the meaning would become less definite:

• Luanto legis leĝon hieraŭ = A tenant read a law yesterday or simply a less specifically marked statement

Yes. Luanto is built from parts:

• lu- = rent / lease
• -ant- = active present participle, meaning someone doing the action
• -o = noun ending

So luanto literally means someone who rents.

In normal usage, that is usually tenant or renter.

This kind of word-building is very common in Esperanto. For example:

• lernanto = learner / student
• parolanto = speaker
• laboranto = worker

So even if you do not know a word yet, the parts often help you figure it out.

A few useful pronunciation points:

• ĝ sounds like the g in gem or the j in judge
• ŭ is a short glide, like the w-like sound in ow or eu

So:

• leĝon sounds roughly like LEH-jon
• hieraŭ sounds roughly like hee-eh-ROW

Also remember the Esperanto stress rule:

• Stress is always on the second-to-last syllable

So:

• le-ĝon → stress on LE
• hi-e-raŭ → stress on E

That gives:

• LEH-jon
• hee-EH-row

In Esperanto, the verb ending tells you the tense in a general way, but words like hieraŭ add more specific time information.

• legis = read / did read → past
• hieraŭ = yesterday

So together they mean that the action was in the past, specifically yesterday.

This is very similar to English:

• He read
• He read yesterday

The verb gives the tense; the adverb gives extra time detail.

Yes. Esperanto word order is fairly flexible, because endings show grammatical roles.

All of these are possible:

• La luanto legis la leĝon hieraŭ.
• Hieraŭ la luanto legis la leĝon.
• La luanto hieraŭ legis la leĝon.

They all mean basically the same thing: The tenant read the law yesterday.

The choice depends on emphasis or style:

• Hieraŭ... puts more attention on yesterday
• La luanto... starts with the person
• ...hieraŭ leaves the time until the end

Even with flexible order, the -n on leĝon still tells you it is the object.

Because hieraŭ is already an adverb, meaning yesterday.

The -n in this sentence is used on the direct object, which is la leĝon.

So:

• hieraŭ = adverb of time
• leĝon = direct object

A learner may notice that some time expressions in Esperanto can use -n, especially noun-based ones, such as:

• lundon = on Monday
• unu tagon = one day

But hieraŭ is already an adverb, so it normally stays just hieraŭ.

The base form is leĝo, meaning law.

It changes like this:

• leĝo = law
• leĝon = law as a direct object
• leĝoj = laws
• leĝojn = laws as direct objects

So in the sentence:

• La luanto legis la leĝon

  the word appears as leĝon because it is what was read.

Yes, grammatically that is possible.

Because la leĝon has -n, it is clearly marked as the object, so the roles stay clear even if the order changes.

So this is still understandable:

• La leĝon legis la luanto hieraŭ.

But it sounds more marked, because it puts special emphasis on the law.

The more neutral order is:

• La luanto legis la leĝon hieraŭ.

Esperanto allows flexibility, but the usual subject-verb-object order is often the easiest and most natural for learners.

Yes. Luanto is the person who rents something for their own use, so it usually means tenant or renter.

The person who rents something out is different:

• luanto = tenant / renter
• luiganto = landlord / lessor / person renting it out

That extra -ig- means to cause / make happen, so luigi is roughly to let out / to rent out.

This is a good example of how Esperanto can distinguish meanings very precisely with word-building.