De teamafspraak noemt de responstijd.

Because Dutch normally writes compound nouns as a single word.
So team + afspraak becomes teamafspraak.

This is very common in Dutch:

• huis + deur → huisdeur
• school + boek → schoolboek

The last part is the “main” noun. In teamafspraak, the main noun is afspraak, so the whole word behaves like afspraak for things like article and plural:

• de teamafspraak
• de teamafspraken

Not in this sentence. Afspraak can mean:

• an appointment
• an agreement
• an arrangement
• a rule or understanding

In teamafspraak, it most likely means something like team agreement, team arrangement, or agreed team rule, not a scheduled appointment.

So the meaning depends on context, and here it is not about meeting someone at a certain time.

Because both teamafspraak and responstijd are de-words in Dutch.

A useful rule for compounds is this:
the article usually comes from the last part of the compound.

• afspraak is a de-word → de teamafspraak
• tijd is a de-word → de responstijd

So even though the compounds are long, the last noun decides the article.

Noemt is the third-person singular present tense of noemen.

Noemen can mean:

• to call
• to name
• to mention
• sometimes to state

In this sentence, noemt probably means mentions or states, not calls.

So the idea is something like:

• The team agreement mentions the response time
• The team agreement states the response time

Because this is normal Dutch main-clause word order: subject + verb + object.

The sentence breaks down like this:

• De teamafspraak = subject
• noemt = verb
• de responstijd = object

So the structure is very similar to English:

• The team agreement / mentions / the response time

For the same reason as teamafspraak: Dutch usually writes compound nouns as one word.

So respons + tijd becomes responstijd.

English often writes this as two words, like response time, but Dutch prefers one compound word.

Again, the last part is the main noun:

• tijd = time
  So responstijd is a kind of tijd.

No. It is grammatical, but Dutch might also use other verbs depending on nuance.

For example:

• De teamafspraak vermeldt de responstijd. = The team agreement mentions/includes the response time.
• De teamafspraak geeft de responstijd aan. = The team agreement indicates the response time.
• De teamafspraak beschrijft de responstijd. = The team agreement describes the response time.

Noemt is fine if the idea is simply that the response time is mentioned or named in the agreement.

Mostly yes, but with some caution.

A rough word-for-word match is:

• De = the
• teamafspraak = team agreement / team arrangement
• noemt = mentions / states
• de responstijd = the response time

The main caution is that afspraak does not always match one single English word. Sometimes it is appointment, and sometimes it is agreement. Here it clearly has the agreement/rule sense.

So a literal approach helps, but context still matters.