Malíř, který namaloval tyto obrazy, učí dějepis na naší škole.

In Czech, relative clauses introduced by který / která / které are normally separated by commas from the main clause.

So we write:

• Malíř, který namaloval tyto obrazy, učí dějepis…

The commas mark který namaloval tyto obrazy as a separate clause describing malíř. Unlike English, where the comma can depend on meaning (defining vs non‑defining clause), Czech uses the commas in this structure almost always.

In Czech:

• kdo = who when you are not referring back to a specific noun:
  
  • Kdo to udělal? – Who did that?
• který (and its forms která, které…) = who / that / which as a relative pronoun, referring back to a noun that has just been mentioned.

Here, který refers to malíř, so you must use the relative pronoun:

• Malíř, který namaloval tyto obrazy…
  The painter who painted these pictures…

který agrees with the noun it refers to (malíř) in gender and number, and it takes its case from its role in its own clause.

• Antecedent: malíř (painter)
  
  • gender: masculine animate
  • number: singular
• So we use který (masc. sg. nominative form).

Inside the relative clause který namaloval tyto obrazy:

• který is the subject (the one who painted),
• so it is in the nominative case.

This is about aspect:

• malovat (imperfective) – to paint (ongoing, repeated, without focusing on completion)
  
  • Maloval obrazy. – He was painting pictures / He used to paint pictures.
• namalovat (perfective) – to paint and finish (complete an individual painting)
  
  • Namaloval tyto obrazy. – He painted (and completed) these pictures.

In this sentence, you’re talking about specific finished works, so namaloval is natural.

No. You need a connector to link malíř with the clause namaloval tyto obrazy.

You cannot just put the finite verb after a comma like in English participle constructions.

Correct options:

• Malíř, který namaloval tyto obrazy, učí dějepis…
• Or split into two sentences: Malíř namaloval tyto obrazy. Učí dějepis na naší škole.

All three exist, but they differ in style and feel:

• tyto obrazy – neutral to formal, slightly emphatic “these pictures (right here)”
• ty obrazy – neutral “those/these pictures” (context decides distance)
• tyhle obrazy – colloquial, spoken, very “these right here”

In a neutral written example sentence for learners, tyto obrazy is the most textbook‑like choice.

tyto obrazy is in the accusative plural, because it is the direct object of namaloval.

• verb: namaloval – he painted (what?) → direct object
• noun: obraz → plural obrazy
• demonstrative: tento → plural tyto

Accusative plural masculine inanimate for both is tyto obrazy (same form as nominative plural here).

The verb učit (někoho něco) takes its object in the accusative:

• učit dějepis – to teach history (as a subject)
• učit matematiku – to teach maths
• učit děti angličtinu – to teach children English

So dějepis here is accusative (its form matches the nominative: dějepis → dějepis).

• učit (někoho něco) – to teach (someone something):
  
  • Učí dějepis. – He/She teaches history.
• učit se (něco) – to learn / study (something):
  
  • Učí se dějepis. – He/She is learning history.

In the sentence Malíř, který namaloval tyto obrazy, učí dějepis…, he is the teacher, not the student, so učí is correct.

Czech uses:

• past tense for a completed past action: namaloval tyto obrazy – he painted these (and it’s finished),
• present tense for something that is true now or generally: učí dějepis – he teaches history (that is his current job or habit).

So the painter once painted these pictures, and now teaches history. The mixed tenses express that difference in time.

Both na and v can be used with institutions, but they are not fully interchangeable:

• na škole (very common) – “at school” as an institution, workplace:
  
  • učí na naší škole – he teaches at our school
• ve škole – “in the school building” or more physical location, or more typical with students:
  
  • děti jsou ve škole – the children are in/at school

For a teacher’s place of employment, na naší škole is the most natural phrase.

Because of case. After na with the meaning “at” (location, not movement), Czech uses the locative:

• nominative: naše škola – our school (as a subject)
• locative singular feminine:
  
  • naší (from naše)
  • škole (from škola)

So:

• Učí na naší škole. – He/She teaches at our school.
  (na
  • locative: na + naší škole)

Both relate to “history,” but usage differs:

• dějepis – the school subject “History” (what you study in primary/secondary school):
  • učí dějepis – he teaches History (as a subject).
• historie – history as a discipline, story, past more broadly:
  • studuje historii – he studies history (as a field at university).
  • historie České republiky – the history of the Czech Republic.

In this sentence, we are clearly talking about a school subject, so dějepis is the right word.

Czech word order is fairly flexible. You can move parts to change emphasis or style, for example:

• Na naší škole učí dějepis malíř, který namaloval tyto obrazy.
  (Emphasis on “At our school…”)
• Dějepis na naší škole učí malíř, který namaloval tyto obrazy.
  (Emphasis on the subject / on who teaches it.)

However, the relative clause který namaloval tyto obrazy normally stays directly after malíř, because it describes that noun.

You would change the noun and the relative pronoun to feminine forms:

• Malířka, která namalovala tyto obrazy, učí dějepis na naší škole.

Changes:

• malíř → malířka (female painter)
• který → která (agrees with malířka)
• namaloval → namalovala (past feminine ending -a, agreeing with the female subject)

You need the imperfective aspect to show an ongoing action:

• Malíř, který maluje tyto obrazy, učí dějepis na naší škole.

Differences:

• maluje (from malovat) – is painting (ongoing, not finished)
• The rest stays the same.