Chlebové těsto musíme překládat.

Because Czech word order is much more flexible than English word order.

Putting chlebové těsto first makes it the topic of the sentence — the thing we are already talking about. A more neutral, less topicalized order would be:

Musíme překládat chlebové těsto.

Both mean the same basic thing. The version with Chlebové těsto first feels a bit like:

As for the bread dough, we have to fold it.

It is the direct object of překládat.

The subject is only understood from the verb musíme, which means we must / we have to. Czech often leaves subject pronouns unstated because the verb ending already shows the person.

So the structure is basically:

(My) musíme překládat chlebové těsto.
= We have to fold the bread dough.

Because těsto is a neuter singular noun, and for many neuter nouns the nominative singular and accusative singular are identical.

So:

• těsto = nominative singular
• těsto = accusative singular

The adjective matches that too:

• chlebové těsto = nominative singular
• chlebové těsto = accusative singular

So even though it looks like a subject form, in this sentence it is functioning as the accusative direct object.

Because the adjective has to agree with těsto.

The dictionary form is chlebový, but that is the masculine singular nominative form. Since těsto is neuter singular, the adjective changes to the neuter singular nominative/accusative form:

• masculine: chlebový
• feminine: chlebová
• neuter: chlebové

So:

• chlebový chléb would be grammatically masculine
• chlebové těsto is correct because těsto is neuter

Chlebové comes from chléb meaning bread.

In this phrase, chlebové těsto means bread dough — in other words, dough intended for making bread.

So chlebové here means something like:

• bread
• for bread
• used for bread-making

It is not really saying the dough is already bread; it is describing the type of dough.

Musíme is the 1st person plural present of muset, meaning must or have to.

So:

• musím = I must
• musíš = you must
• musí = he/she/it must
• musíme = we must
• musíte = you must
• musí = they must

In this sentence, musíme means:

we must / we have to

Because after a modal verb like muset, Czech normally uses the infinitive of the main verb.

So:

• musíme překládat = we have to fold
• not musíme překládáme

This works much like English:

• we must fold
• not we must are folding

So the pattern is:

muset + infinitive

Yes — překládat can mean to translate, but it also has other meanings depending on context.

With language, it can mean:

• překládat knihu = to translate a book

But with physical things, it can mean:

• to move something over
• to turn something
• to fold something over

With dough, it means to fold it, as bakers do during preparation.

So the baking context tells you that překládat here does not mean translate.

This is a question of aspect, which is very important in Czech.

• překládat = imperfective
• přeložit = perfective

In a baking context, překládat usually suggests an action seen as a process, procedure, or something done repeatedly. That fits well with folding dough, which is often done more than once or as part of an ongoing method.

Přeložit would sound more like:

• fold it once
• complete the folding

So musíme překládat is natural if the speaker means we need to be folding it / we need to fold it as part of the process.

Yes. A more neutral word order would be:

Musíme překládat chlebové těsto.

This is often the version a learner would expect first. It is more straightforward because it starts with the verb phrase.

The original sentence:

Chlebové těsto musíme překládat.

is also correct, but it gives a little more emphasis or topical focus to chlebové těsto.

Because Czech has no articles like English a/an and the.

So chlebové těsto can mean, depending on context:

• bread dough
• the bread dough
• some bread dough

The exact meaning is usually understood from the situation, the surrounding sentences, and word order.