L'abeurador té aigua.

Because Catalan normally shortens el to l' before a singular noun beginning with a vowel or silent h.

So:

• el + abeurador → l'abeurador

This is called elision. It works much like French l'.

Té is the 3rd person singular present form of tenir (to have).

So:

• jo tinc = I have
• tu tens = you have
• ell / ella / això té = he / she / it has

In this sentence, l'abeurador is singular, so the verb is té: The trough/drinker has water.

The accent is part of the correct spelling of the verb form té.

It helps distinguish it from other words such as te (tea).
So:

• té = has
• te = tea

In pronunciation, the accent also shows that the vowel is pronounced as a stressed e.

Because aigua is being used as an uncountable noun in a general, non-specific way, just like water in English.

So Catalan says:

• té aigua = has water

not usually:

• té l'aigua

You would use l'aigua if you meant some specific water already known from context.

Aigua is feminine.

You can see this clearly when it agrees with adjectives:

• l'aigua freda = the cold water

Notice freda, the feminine form of the adjective.

So even though the article is l', the noun itself is feminine.

Yes. That is a very natural alternative, but it means the idea in a slightly different way.

• L'abeurador té aigua = The trough/drinker has water.
• Hi ha aigua a l'abeurador = There is water in the trough/drinker.

Both can fit the same situation. The first uses tenir (to have); the second uses haver-hi (there is / there are).

English speakers often overuse hi ha, so it is useful to notice that Catalan can also use tenir for containers or places that contain something.

The word order is the normal Subject + Verb + Object pattern:

• L'abeurador = subject
• té = verb
• aigua = object

So the structure is very similar to English:

• The trough has water

That makes this sentence quite straightforward syntactically.

A careful approximate pronunciation is:

lah-buh-oo-ruh-DOR te AH-gwuh

A few helpful points:

• abeurador has stress on the last syllable: -dor
• té is pronounced like teh
• aigua is roughly AI-gwuh

If you want a more Catalan-like feel, keep the unstressed vowels light and make sure the stress falls on:

• abeurador
• té
• aigua

Normally, yes.

In Catalan, common singular nouns usually take an article when you are talking about a specific thing:

• L'abeurador té aigua

Leaving the article out would usually sound incomplete unless you were using the word in a very special context, such as a label, note, or dictionary entry.

It is a noun, and in this sentence it is masculine singular.

The ending -dor is common in Catalan nouns and often refers to a tool, place, or thing connected with an action. Here, abeurador is something like a place or container for drinking, especially for animals.

So grammatically, you treat it as a normal masculine noun:

• l'abeurador
• un abeurador
• els abeuradors