مسحوق الغسيل قرب الغسالة.

In Arabic, the present tense of to be is usually not stated.

So:

مسحوق الغسيل قرب الغسالة
literally looks like: laundry detergent near the washing machine

but it means:

The laundry detergent is near the washing machine.

This is a very common Arabic pattern called a nominal sentence.

If you wanted a past or future form, then Arabic would usually add a verb, for example:

• كان مسحوق الغسيل قرب الغسالة = The laundry detergent was near the washing machine
• سيكون مسحوق الغسيل قرب الغسالة = The laundry detergent will be near the washing machine

Because مسحوق الغسيل is an iḍāfa construction, often called a construct phrase.

It is made of:

• مسحوق = powder
• الغسيل = the washing / the laundry

Together, they mean something like:

• powder of the laundry
• more naturally: laundry detergent or washing powder

In an iḍāfa:

• the first noun normally does not take الـ
• the second noun determines whether the whole phrase is definite

So even though مسحوق has no الـ, the whole phrase is definite because الغسيل is definite.

That is why مسحوق الغسيل can mean the laundry detergent.

No. الغسيل here is not an adjective.

It is the second noun in an iḍāfa construction.

So this is not:

• powder that is washing

It is:

• powder of laundry / washing
• meaning laundry detergent or washing powder

A useful test is this: in Arabic, adjectives usually match the noun in definiteness, gender, and number. Here, that is not what is happening. Instead, we have a noun + noun relationship.

قرب here means near and functions as an expression of place.

In this sentence:

• قرب الغسالة = near the washing machine

Grammatically, قرب is often analyzed as a noun of place / ظرف that is followed by a noun in the genitive.

So the pattern is:

• قرب + noun
• near + noun

You may also see another common way to say near:

• قريب من الغسالة = near the washing machine

So both of these are natural:

• مسحوق الغسيل قرب الغسالة
• مسحوق الغسيل قريب من الغسالة

The given sentence is shorter and very natural.

A fully vowelled version would commonly be:

مَسْحُوقُ الغَسِيلِ قُرْبَ الغَسَّالَةِ

Here is why:

• مَسْحُوقُ: it is the subject of the sentence, so it takes ـُ in full formal grammar
• الغَسِيلِ: second part of the iḍāfa, so it is genitive
• قُرْبَ: used as an adverbial expression of place, so it takes ـَ
• الغَسَّالَةِ: after قرب in this structure, it is genitive

In normal everyday writing, these short vowels are usually not written, so you normally see:

مسحوق الغسيل قرب الغسالة

In both words, the ل of الـ is pronounced clearly.

That is because غ is a moon letter, not a sun letter.

So you say:

• الْغَسيل = al-ghasīl
• الْغَسّالة = al-ghassālah

You do not merge the ل into the next consonant.

A rough pronunciation of the full sentence is:

masḥūq al-ghasīl qurb al-ghassālah

A few pronunciation notes:

• ح in مسحوق is a strong breathy ḥ, not like English h
• غ is a guttural sound, often unfamiliar to English speakers
• غسالة is commonly pronounced with a doubled s sound: ghassālah

Yes, الغسالة is grammatically feminine, and the ending ة is called tāʾ marbūṭa.

The word means washing machine. It comes from the root غ س ل, which is connected with washing.

Many Arabic nouns for objects, tools, or machines can be feminine in form, and that is completely normal. Grammatical gender in Arabic does not always mean biological gender.

So:

• غسيل = washing / laundry
• غسالة = washing machine

Yes, but the given order is the most straightforward.

The sentence as written:

مسحوق الغسيل قرب الغسالة

starts with the thing being talked about, then gives its location:

• The laundry detergent
  • near the washing machine

That is a very common and natural order.

Arabic can sometimes move parts around for emphasis, but for a learner, this version is the best one to model.

You could also express the same idea in a slightly different structure:

• مسحوق الغسيل قريب من الغسالة

Both are correct, but the original sentence is more compact.