أهلا وسهلا! كيف حالك؟ أنا بخير.

A common MSA pronunciation is:

• أهلا وسهلا → ahlan wa-sahlan
• كيف حالك؟ → kayfa ḥāluka? when speaking to a man, or kayfa ḥāluki? when speaking to a woman
• أنا بخير → anā bikhayr

Two sounds that often need practice:

• ح in حال is a stronger, deeper h than English h
• خ in بخير is like the ch in Scottish loch or German Bach

It is best learned as one fixed expression meaning welcome.

You can break it apart historically, but in normal use it works as a set phrase. A lot like learning you’re welcome or how do you do as complete expressions in English, not just word by word.

It breaks down like this:

• كيف = how
• حال = state, condition
• -ك = your

So the structure is basically:

How [is] your condition?

That is why this phrase is used for How are you?

In Arabic, the present-tense verb to be is usually not stated in sentences like these.

So:

• كيف حالك؟ = literally How your condition?
• أنا بخير = literally I in-goodness / I am fine

This is completely normal in Arabic. English requires is/are, but Arabic usually leaves it out in the present tense.

-ك is an attached pronoun meaning your.

So:

• حال = condition/state
• حالك = your condition

This ending changes depending on who you are talking to:

• to a man: حالكَ → ḥāluka
• to a woman: حالكِ → ḥāluki
• to two people: حالكما
• to a group of men or a mixed group: حالكم
• to a group of women: حالكن

In normal everyday writing without vowel marks, the masculine and feminine singular both usually appear as حالك.

The بـ at the beginning is a preposition, usually pronounced bi-.

So:

• خير = goodness, good
• بخير = literally something like in good condition or well

In this phrase, بخير is the natural idiomatic way to say fine/well.

Not always.

• أنا بخير is a full, clear sentence: I am fine
• بخير by itself is also a very common short reply: Fine / Well

So if someone asks كيف حالك؟, you can answer either:

• أنا بخير
• بخير

The version with أنا sounds a bit fuller and more explicit.

Because Arabic often writes short grammatical elements attached to the word next to them.

In your sentence:

• و in وسهلا = and
• ب in بخير = in/with
• -ك in حالك = your

These are not random spellings; this is a normal feature of Arabic writing. English usually separates these kinds of words, but Arabic often joins them.

A fully vowelled version could be written as:

• أَهْلًا وَسَهْلًا!
• كَيْفَ حالُكَ؟ to a man
• كَيْفَ حالُكِ؟ to a woman
• أَنا بِخَيْرٍ.

In most real-world Arabic texts, those short vowel marks are omitted, so learners often see:

أهلا وسهلا! كيف حالك؟ أنا بخير.

It is good Modern Standard Arabic, and all Arabic speakers will understand it.

Also:

• أهلا وسهلا is extremely common in both standard Arabic and many dialects
• كيف حالك؟ is standard and polite, though daily speech often uses dialect forms instead
• أنا بخير sounds standard but is also widely understood and natural

So it is a very useful beginner sentence, even if everyday conversation in different countries may use local alternatives.

Arabic uses its own question mark shape: ؟

Because Arabic is written from right to left, the question mark appears reversed compared with the English ?

So:

• English: How are you?
• Arabic: كيف حالك؟

That is the normal punctuation mark in Arabic.