يعقم أخصائي صحة الأسنان أنبوب الشفط بعد العلاج.

Because Arabic very often uses verb–subject–object order in neutral written style.

So this sentence is arranged like this:

• يعقم = the verb, sterilizes / disinfects
• أخصائي صحة الأسنان = the subject, the dental hygienist
• أنبوب الشفط = the object, the suction tube
• بعد العلاج = a time phrase, after the treatment

This verb-first order is completely normal in Modern Standard Arabic.

You can also put the subject first:

• أخصائي صحة الأسنان يعقم أنبوب الشفط بعد العلاج.

That is also correct, but it can sound slightly more topic-focused, like As for the dental hygienist, he sterilizes...

Yes. يعقم is in the imperfect form, which often corresponds to the English present.

Depending on context, it can mean things like:

• sterilizes
• is sterilizing
• sometimes even will sterilize

In a simple sentence like this, the most natural interpretation is usually a present habitual meaning:

• sterilizes

So it sounds like a general statement about what happens after treatment.

Because the subject أخصائي صحة الأسنان is singular and masculine.

• أخصائي = a male specialist
• If it were female, you would usually have أخصائية

So:

• يعقم أخصائي... = a male dental hygienist sterilizes...
• تعقم أخصائية... = a female dental hygienist sterilizes...

Also, in Arabic, when the verb comes before the subject, singular verb forms are very common and expected.

يعقم comes from the verb عقّم and means to sterilize, to disinfect, or to sanitize, depending on context.

In a medical or dental sentence like this, sterilize or disinfect is the most likely meaning.

So يعقم suggests making something medically clean and safe, not just washing it.

This is basically a professional title.

It is built from:

• أخصائي = specialist
• صحة الأسنان = dental health / oral health

So the whole phrase means something like:

• specialist in dental health
• more naturally, dental hygienist

A learner may notice that Arabic often expresses job titles through linked nouns like this rather than with one single word.

Because صحة الأسنان is an iḍāfa construction, often called a genitive construction or noun annexation.

In an iḍāfa:

• the first noun does not take ال
• the relationship is understood as of

So:

• صحة الأسنان literally = health of the teeth

Not:

• الصحة الأسنان ❌

That is why صحة appears without ال.

Literally, it means:

• أنبوب = tube
• الشفط = suction

So:

• أنبوب الشفط = the suction tube

This is another linked noun phrase, similar to tube of suction in a very literal English gloss.

In natural English, suction tube is the best translation.

بعد العلاج is a time expression meaning:

• after the treatment
• or sometimes more generally, after treatment

Here:

• بعد = after
• العلاج = the treatment / treatment

So the phrase tells you when the sterilizing happens.

It answers the question:

• When does the dental hygienist sterilize the suction tube?
• After the treatment.

Because it is referring to a specific or understood treatment.

So بعد العلاج most naturally means:

• after the treatment

In context, this would usually mean the treatment that has just taken place.

Arabic often uses ال where English may use either the or a more general expression depending on context.

In normal unvocalized Arabic writing, the short case endings are usually not written. But if you showed them, the sentence would look like this:

• يُعَقِّمُ أخصائيُّ صحةِ الأسنانِ أنبوبَ الشفطِ بعدَ العلاجِ

Here is the grammatical breakdown:

• يُعَقِّمُ = verb, ending in -u
• أخصائيُّ = subject, so it is nominative
• صحةِ الأسنانِ = linked nouns in an iḍāfa, so صحة is genitive and الأسنان is also genitive
• أنبوبَ = direct object, so it is accusative
• الشفطِ = second part of the iḍāfa, so genitive
• بعدَ = an adverbial/time word here
• العلاجِ = genitive after بعد

In everyday reading and much real-world speech, many of these endings are not pronounced clearly, especially at pause.

Yes. You can say:

• أخصائي صحة الأسنان يعقم أنبوب الشفط بعد العلاج.

This is also correct.

The difference is mainly one of style and emphasis:

• يعقم أخصائي صحة الأسنان... = neutral, common written Arabic style
• أخصائي صحة الأسنان يعقم... = starts with the subject, a bit closer to English order

Both are good Arabic.