الإبرة قرب ماكينة الخياطة.

Because Arabic often uses a nominal sentence in the present tense, with no written or spoken verb meaning is/are.

So:

• الإبرة = the needle
• قرب ماكينة الخياطة = near the sewing machine

Together, Arabic simply says The needle near the sewing machine, and the meaning The needle is near the sewing machine is understood.

If you wanted a past tense, then Arabic would use a verb, for example كانت for was.

الإبرة is the subject/topic of the sentence.

In a fully vowelled version, it would usually be:

• الإبرةُ قربَ ماكينةِ الخياطةِ

Here الإبرةُ is in the nominative case because it is the subject of the nominal sentence.

Here قرب means near or close to.

In this sentence, it functions like an adverb of place or something very similar to a preposition in English. It tells you the location of the needle.

So:

• قرب ماكينة الخياطة = near the sewing machine

A learner should notice that قرب is followed by a noun phrase, and that following noun is treated grammatically like a genitive phrase.

Because ماكينة الخياطة is an iḍāfa construction, often called a genitive/possessive construction.

In an iḍāfa:

• the first noun does not take الـ
• the second noun can be definite
• the whole phrase can still be definite

So:

• ماكينة = machine
• الخياطة = the sewing / sewing
• ماكينة الخياطة = the sewing machine

Even though ماكينة has no الـ, the whole phrase is definite because the second word الخياطة is definite.

Yes, literally it is something like machine of sewing.

That is a very common Arabic way to express noun combinations that English often translates with another noun in front:

• كتاب الطالب = the student’s book
• باب البيت = the door of the house
• ماكينة الخياطة = the sewing machine

So English often uses noun + noun, but Arabic often uses iḍāfa instead.

Because it is the second part of the iḍāfa and makes the whole phrase definite.

Compare:

• ماكينة خياطة = a sewing machine or sewing machine in a more indefinite sense
• ماكينة الخياطة = the sewing machine

So الخياطة with الـ helps specify a particular, definite machine.

In fully vowelled Classical/MSA style, you would typically see:

• الإبرةُ قربَ ماكينةِ الخياطةِ

Breakdown:

• الإبرةُ — nominative, because it is the subject
• قربَ — accusative, because it is functioning as a ẓarf (adverbial expression of place)
• ماكينةِ — genitive, because it follows قرب
• الخياطةِ — genitive, because it is the second term in the iḍāfa after ماكينة

In everyday writing, these short vowels are usually omitted.

It is pronounced roughly al-ʾibrah in pause, or al-ʾibratu with full case ending.

A few useful points:

• الـ is pronounced here as al-
• the l sound is kept, because the next sound is hamza, not a sun letter
• ة at the end is pronounced like -ah in pause, or -atu / -ati / -ata when case endings are pronounced in full grammar-based reading

So:

• إبرة = ʾibrah
• الإبرة = al-ʾibrah

ماكينة is a common borrowed word meaning machine. It is widely understood and used.

A more formal or more classically Arabic alternative is often:

• آلة الخياطة = the sewing machine

So both are possible, but ماكينة is very common in modern usage.

Yes. You could also say:

• الإبرة بالقرب من ماكينة الخياطة

This also means The needle is near the sewing machine.

The difference is mainly stylistic:

• قرب is shorter and direct
• بالقرب من is also very common and may feel a little more explicit to learners because it works more like near to

Both are correct in Modern Standard Arabic.

This is the normal order for a simple nominal sentence:

• subject/topic first
• then the predicate, which here is a location expression

So the structure is:

• الإبرة = the subject
• قرب ماكينة الخياطة = the predicate telling where it is

Arabic could change word order in some contexts for emphasis, but this version is the most straightforward and natural for learners.

Yes. You could also say:

• الإبرة قريبة من ماكينة الخياطة

That means The needle is near the sewing machine too.

Notice the difference:

• قرب ماكينة الخياطة uses قرب as a location expression
• قريبة من ماكينة الخياطة uses the adjective قريبة meaning near, and it agrees with الإبرة, which is feminine

Since الإبرة is feminine, the adjective must be قريبة, not قريب.

Because قريبة is an adjective, and adjectives in Arabic must agree with the noun they describe.

So:

• الإبرة قريبة = feminine noun + feminine adjective

But قرب in your original sentence is not being used as an adjective. It is being used as a noun/adverbial expression of place, so it does not agree in gender with الإبرة.

That is why:

• الإبرة قرب ماكينة الخياطة is correct
• not الإبرة قربة ماكينة الخياطة

A simple transliteration is:

• al-ʾibra qurb ماكينة الخياطة if you are being very approximate

A more grammatical full reading would be closer to:

• al-ʾibratu qurba mākinati l-khiyāṭati

If you stop naturally at the end and do not pronounce case endings, it may sound more like:

• al-ʾibrah qurb mākinat al-khiyāṭah

Different textbooks transliterate slightly differently, but the key parts are:

• ʾibra / ʾibrah = needle
• qurb = near
• mākina / mākinah = machine
• khiyāṭa / khiyāṭah = sewing