يبدأ فحص السلامة من الحرائق اليوم.

Because this is a verbal sentence in Arabic. In Modern Standard Arabic, it is very common to begin a sentence with the verb, especially in straightforward statements about events or actions.

So:

يبدأ فحص السلامة من الحرائق اليوم
literally follows the pattern verb + subject + time expression.

Arabic could also say:

فحص السلامة من الحرائق يبدأ اليوم

That version is also correct, but it gives slightly more emphasis to the inspection itself, because the noun phrase comes first.

The subject is the whole noun phrase:

فحص السلامة من الحرائق

The head noun of that phrase is فحص meaning inspection or examination.

So even though there are several words after the verb, they all belong together as one subject phrase:

• فحص = inspection
• السلامة = safety
• من الحرائق = from fires / fire-related

Together, the phrase means something like the fire safety inspection.

Because the head of the subject is فحص, and فحص is a masculine singular noun.

So Arabic matches the verb to فحص, not to السلامة.

That is why you get:

• يبدأ = it begins / he begins in masculine singular form

not:

• تبدأ, which would be feminine singular

Even though السلامة is feminine, it is not the head noun of the subject phrase. It is part of an iḍāfa construction with فحص.

This is an iḍāfa construction, often called a genitive construction or noun annexation.

It works like this:

• فحص = inspection
• السلامة = safety

Together:

• فحص السلامة = inspection of safety or more naturally safety inspection

A few important things about iḍāfa:

• The first noun usually does not take ال
• The second noun can have ال
• If the second noun is definite, the whole phrase becomes definite

So although فحص has no ال, the phrase فحص السلامة is definite because السلامة is definite.

Because in an iḍāfa, the first noun normally does not take ال.

So Arabic says:

• فحص السلامة
  not
• الفحص السلامة

The definiteness comes from the second noun, السلامة. Since السلامة has ال, the whole phrase is understood as definite.

This is a very common pattern in Arabic:

• باب البيت = the door of the house
• مدير المدرسة = the principal of the school
• فحص السلامة = the safety inspection

من الحرائق is a prepositional phrase attached to السلامة.

Literally:

• من = from
• الحرائق = the fires

So السلامة من الحرائق literally means safety from fires.

In more natural English, that becomes fire safety.

So the full phrase:

• فحص السلامة من الحرائق

is literally something like:

• inspection of safety from fires

but more naturally:

• fire safety inspection

الحرائق is the plural of حريق meaning fire.

It is plural because Arabic often uses a plural noun when speaking about a whole category in a general sense. So الحرائق here means fires in general, not a specific set of individual fires.

It has ال because Arabic often uses the definite article for general categories:

• الإنسان = humankind / the human being
• الطيور = birds in general
• الحرائق = fires in general

Also, after the preposition من, the noun must be in the genitive case, so in full vocalization it would be:

الحرائقِ

Because اليوم here functions as an adverbial expression of time.

Arabic often uses words like اليوم, غدًا, ليلًا, صباحًا directly, without needing a preposition such as في.

So:

• اليوم = today
• غدًا = tomorrow
• صباحًا = in the morning / morningtime

In this sentence, اليوم means today and tells you when the inspection begins.

In full case marking, it would usually be:

• اليومَ

because it is functioning as a ظرف زمان (adverbial accusative of time).

A fully vocalized version would be:

يبدأُ فحصُ السلامةِ منَ الحرائقِ اليومَ

Here is the grammar behind those endings:

• يبدأُ — present tense verb, indicative
• فحصُ — the subject, so it is nominative
• السلامةِ — second term of the iḍāfa, so it is genitive
• منَ — preposition
• الحرائقِ — genitive after the preposition من
• اليومَ — adverbial accusative of time

In normal unvowelled Arabic writing, these endings are usually not written, but they are still understood grammatically.

The verb form يبدأ is a third-person masculine singular form, so by itself it can mean he begins or it begins.

In this sentence, though, the subject is stated explicitly right after the verb:

• فحص السلامة من الحرائق

So you do not need to translate an extra hidden pronoun separately. The verb is simply agreeing with the following subject.

A good way to think of it is:

• يبدأ = begins
• فحص السلامة من الحرائق = the fire safety inspection

So together:

• begins the fire safety inspection in Arabic word order
• but in normal English: the fire safety inspection begins

Yes, that is correct.

Both are grammatical:

• يبدأ فحص السلامة من الحرائق اليوم
• فحص السلامة من الحرائق يبدأ اليوم

The difference is mostly one of style and emphasis:

• يبدأ... sounds more like a typical verbal sentence, often used for reporting an event
• فحص السلامة من الحرائق... puts the inspection itself more in focus

For a learner, it is useful to recognize both patterns, because Arabic uses both verb-first and noun-first sentence structures.