يسمع صديقي الأغنية.

It is a very common Arabic verbal sentence pattern:

• يسمع = verb
• صديقي = subject
• الأغنية = direct object

So the order is Verb – Subject – Object.

That means Arabic is often happy to begin a sentence with the action, unlike English, which usually starts with the subject.

يسمع is the present/imperfect form of the verb سَمِعَ.

More specifically, it is:

• 3rd person
• masculine
• singular

So it means he hears, he is hearing, or sometimes, depending on context, he listens to.

In fully vocalized MSA, it is يَسْمَعُ.

Because the ending ـي is the possessive suffix meaning my.

So:

• صديق = friend
• صديقي = my friend

Arabic often shows possession by attaching a suffix directly to the noun, instead of using a separate word like my.

Because صديقي is already definite.

A possessed noun, like my friend, is naturally definite, so Arabic does not add الـ to it.

So:

• صديق = a friend / friend
• صديقي = my friend

You would not normally say الصديقي.

Because it means the song, not a song.

The prefix الـ is the definite article, equivalent to English the.

So:

• أغنية = a song / song
• الأغنية = the song

In this sentence, الأغنية is the thing being heard, so it is the direct object.

Grammatically:

• صديقي is the subject, so it is nominative
• الأغنية is the direct object, so it is accusative

In fully vocalized formal Arabic, you could write:

يَسْمَعُ صَدِيقِي الأُغْنِيَةَ

A useful note: with صديقي, the case ending is not clearly visible in the usual way because of the attached ـي suffix. But its role as the subject is still clear from the sentence structure.

Yes.

That is because غ is a moon letter, not a sun letter. With moon letters, the ل of الـ is pronounced clearly.

So الأغنية is pronounced with the l sound of الـ.

Yes, absolutely.

That version starts with the subject instead of the verb:

• يسمع صديقي الأغنية = verb-first
• صديقي يسمع الأغنية = subject-first

Both are correct.

Very generally:

• verb-first often sounds more neutral or narrative in Arabic
• subject-first can put a bit more focus on the subject

In this particular sentence, the meaning stays very close.

It can cover more than one English tense or phrasing, depending on context.

The Arabic imperfect/present can express things like:

• he hears
• he is hearing
• he listens
• sometimes he is listening

So English often needs context to choose the best translation.

If you want to be more explicitly listening to, Arabic often uses يستمع إلى.

A useful distinction is:

• يسمع = hears, hears/listens to
• يستمع إلى = listens to, pays attention to by listening

So:

• يسمع صديقي الأغنية is fine
• يستمع صديقي إلى الأغنية is more explicitly My friend is listening to the song

In many real contexts, both can work, but يستمع إلى is the clearer choice when you specifically want the idea of listening to rather than just hearing.