أرى القمر في الليل.

In fully vowelled MSA, it is:

أَرَى الْقَمَرَ فِي اللَّيْلِ

A careful reading is roughly:

arā al-qamara fī l-layli

A few useful points:

• أرى = arā
• القمرَ = al-qamara in full grammar pronunciation
• في = fī
• اللَّيلِ = al-layli, with a doubled l sound

In pause, many speakers/readers drop the final short vowels, so you may also hear something closer to:

arā al-qamar fī l-layl

Because the verb أرى already includes the subject I.

In Arabic, verbs usually show who is doing the action. The prefix أَ- here marks first person singular.

So:

• أرى = I see

If you want extra emphasis, you can add أنا:

أنا أرى القمر في الليل

That would mean the same basic thing, but with more emphasis on I.

The dictionary form is رأى, meaning to see.

This verb is a little unusual because it contains a hamza and ends with a weak letter historically, so some of its forms look less regular than simpler verbs.

A few present-tense forms are:

• أرى = I see
• ترى = you see / she sees
• يرى = he sees
• نرى = we see

So أرى is the I form of رأى.

It is the imperfect form, which often covers several meanings in English depending on context.

So أرى can mean:

• I see
• I am seeing
• I do see
• sometimes a habitual meaning like I see regularly

In this sentence, the most natural understanding is usually I see the moon at night or I can see the moon at night.

Arabic often relies on context more than English does for this kind of distinction.

Because القمر is the direct object of the verb أرى.

The verb to see takes an object: you see something. Here, that something is the moon.

In full grammatical pronunciation, the direct object is in the accusative case, so it is:

القمرَ

with a final -a sound.

So the fully inflected phrase is:

أرى القمرَ

In pause, that final short vowel is often not pronounced, which is why learners often just hear القمر.

Because it is definite: the moon, not just a moon.

The Arabic definite article is الـ.

So:

• قمر = a moon / moon
• القمر = the moon

Since the meaning is already known to the learner, the important grammar point is that الـ makes the noun definite.

في is a preposition that usually means in, but in Arabic it is also commonly used where English says at for time expressions.

So:

• في الليل = at night / in the night

This is very normal Arabic usage. You do not need to force a word-for-word English match.

Also, because في is a preposition, the noun after it goes into the genitive case:

• اللَّيلِ

Because Arabic often uses the definite article in general time expressions.

So في الليل usually means:

• at night
• during the night
• in the nighttime

It does not have to mean one specific night. In many cases, the definite form is simply the normal, natural way to express the idea.

This is because of moon letters and sun letters.

• ق in القمر is a moon letter, so the ل of الـ is pronounced clearly:

  • al-qamar

• ل in الليل is a sun letter, so the ل of الـ merges into the next letter, making a doubled l sound:

  • al-layl

That is why الليل is written with a shadda on ل when fully vowelled:

اللَّيل

Yes. That is completely correct.

Both are possible:

• أرى القمر في الليل
• أنا أرى القمر في الليل

The version without أنا is very normal because the verb already tells you the subject.

Adding أنا usually gives:

• emphasis
• contrast
• extra clarity

So if you simply want a neutral sentence, the shorter version is fine.

Yes. Starting with the verb is very normal in MSA.

So:

أرى القمر في الليل

is a natural sentence.

Arabic allows more than one word order, but they can sound slightly different in emphasis. For example:

• أرى القمر في الليل = neutral, very natural
• أنا أرى القمر في الليل = emphasis on I
• القمر أراه في الليل = emphasis on the moon, more marked

For a learner, the given sentence is a good standard model.

Not always.

In careful MSA reading, you would pronounce them:

• القمرَ
• اللَّيلِ

But in pause and in less formal pronunciation, final short vowels are often dropped:

• القمر
• الليل

So both of these facts are important:

• grammatically, the endings matter
• in actual pronunciation, they are often not fully heard

That is very normal in Arabic.