يعيش صديقي في هذا البلد.

Because Arabic often uses verb–subject word order, especially in straightforward statements.

So:

• يعيش صديقي في هذا البلد = literally lives my friend in this country

This is completely normal in Modern Standard Arabic.

You can also say:

• صديقي يعيش في هذا البلد

This is also correct, but it puts a bit more emphasis on my friend as the topic.

So both are possible:

• يعيش صديقي في هذا البلد = more typically verbal in style
• صديقي يعيش في هذا البلد = more topic-focused

يعيش means he lives or he is living, depending on context.

It is:

• the present/imperfect form
• 3rd person masculine singular

Its basic verb is:

• عاش = he lived
• يعيش = he lives / is living

Since صديقي (my friend) is singular and masculine here, يعيش matches it.

In Arabic, the present tense often covers both:

• simple present: he lives
• present progressive: he is living

The exact meaning depends on context.

Because صديقي means my friend.

Here is the breakdown:

• صديق = friend
• صديقي = my friend

The ـي at the end is the possessive suffix meaning my.

So:

• كتاب = book
• كتابي = my book

Likewise:

• صديق = friend
• صديقي = my friend

It is pronounced roughly like:

• ṣa-dī-qī

A more careful transliteration is:

• ṣadīqī

A few notes:

• ص is an emphatic s
• دِي gives a long dee
• ق is a deep q sound, not an English k
• the final ـي is a long ee, meaning my

So the whole word sounds approximately like sa-DEE-qee, but with a deeper s and q than in English.

Because in Arabic, when you say this + noun, the noun is usually definite with الـ.

So:

• هذا البلد = this country

Literally, Arabic uses:

• this the-country

This is normal Arabic structure.

Compare:

• هذا الكتاب = this book
• هذه المدينة = this city

So even though English says just this country, Arabic says هذا البلد with the definite article on the noun.

Because after a demonstrative like هذا (this), the noun is normally definite in Standard Arabic.

So the correct phrase is:

• هذا البلد = this country

Not usually:

• هذا بلد

That would sound incomplete or non-standard in this context.

In MSA, demonstratives like هذا generally go with a definite noun:

• هذا الرجل = this man
• هذا البيت = this house
• هذا البلد = this country

Because البلد is grammatically masculine.

In Arabic, demonstratives must agree with the noun in gender.

• هذا = this for masculine singular
• هذه = this for feminine singular

Since بلد is masculine, we use:

• هذا البلد

If the noun were feminine, we would use هذه instead.

For example:

• هذه المدينة = this city

في means in.

So:

• في هذا البلد = in this country

It is a very common preposition in Arabic.

Examples:

• في البيت = in the house
• في المدينة = in the city
• في هذا البلد = in this country

So the last part of the sentence simply tells you the place where your friend lives.

Yes. في is a preposition, and prepositions in Arabic make the following noun genitive.

So in fully vocalized Arabic, this would be:

• في هذا البلدِ

Notice the ending ـِ on البلدِ.

However, in normal everyday Arabic writing, short vowel endings are usually not written, so you usually see:

• في هذا البلد

without the final vowel mark.

So the grammar is still there, even if the spelling does not show it.

Because هذا is one of the words in Arabic that is generally treated as indeclinable.

That means its form stays the same, even when the grammatical role changes.

So you still say:

• في هذا البلد

not some changed form of هذا.

The noun after it, however, is affected by the preposition:

• البلدِ in full vowelled form

So the case change shows on the noun, not on هذا.

A common pronunciation guide is:

• yaʿīshu ṣadīqī fī hādhā al-balad

If you want the full case ending, it would be:

• yaʿīshu ṣadīqī fī hādhā al-baladi

A few notes:

• ع in يعيش is the sound ʿayn, which does not exist in English
• ذ in هذا sounds like th in this
• ق in صديقي is a deep q
• في is a long fī

So the sentence is roughly:

• ya-EE-shu sa-DEE-qee fee HAA-thaa al-BA-lad

But that English-style approximation does not fully capture the Arabic sounds.

Yes. In many contexts, يعيش can mean either:

• lives
• is living

Arabic present-tense forms often cover both the simple present and the present progressive.

So depending on context:

• يعيش صديقي في هذا البلد can mean
  
  • My friend lives in this country
  • My friend is living in this country

If you need to know which is intended, context usually tells you.

Usually no.

In everyday printed Arabic, you normally see:

• يعيش صديقي في هذا البلد

without most short vowels.

A fully vowelled version would look more like:

• يَعِيشُ صَدِيقِي فِي هَذَا البَلَدِ

Learners often notice that Arabic textbooks show more vowels than real-world text. That is normal.

So when you read normal Arabic, you often have to know the grammar and vocabulary well enough to supply the missing vowels yourself.