يعتذر صديقي اليوم.

A fully vocalized version is:

يَعْتَذِرُ صَدِيقِي الْيَوْمَ

A careful pronunciation would be roughly:

yaʿtadhiru ṣadīqī al-yawma

Notes:

• يعتذر = yaʿtadhiru
• صديقي = ṣadīqī
• اليوم = al-yawma
• The letter ع is a deep throat sound that has no exact English equivalent.
• The ذ in يعتذر sounds like th in this.

يعتذر is in the present/imperfect tense.

In Arabic, this form can cover several English ideas depending on context, such as:

• apologizes
• is apologizing
• does apologize
• sometimes even will apologize

Here, because of اليوم (today), the sentence is naturally understood as something happening today, so English might translate it as either My friend is apologizing today or My friend apologizes today, depending on context.

Because Arabic very commonly uses verb–subject order, especially in Modern Standard Arabic.

So:

• يعتذر صديقي اليوم = literally apologizes my friend today

This is completely normal Arabic word order.

You could also say:

• صديقي يعتذر اليوم

That is also correct, but it shifts the style a little. Starting with the verb is often the more neutral MSA pattern.

In Arabic, possessive words like my, your, his are often attached directly to the noun as suffixes.

So:

• صديق = friend
• صديقي = my friend

The ـي at the end means my.

So Arabic does not need a separate word for my here.

يعتذر comes from the root:

ع ذ ر

This root is related to the idea of excuse or apology.

The verb you see here is from Form VIII:

• past: اعتذر = he apologized
• present: يعتذر = he apologizes / is apologizing

This is useful because many Arabic verbs are built from roots in predictable patterns. If you learn the root and the verb form, vocabulary becomes easier to recognize.

Often, yes. Very often you will see it with a phrase telling you what someone is apologizing for or to whom.

Examples:

• يعتذر صديقي عن التأخير = My friend is apologizing for the delay
• يعتذر صديقي إلى المدير = My friend is apologizing to the manager

But the sentence يعتذر صديقي اليوم is still complete on its own. It simply does not mention the reason or the person involved.

اليوم means today, and here it functions as an adverb of time.

It tells you when the action happens.

In fully vocalized formal grammar, it is usually:

• الْيَوْمَ

That final -a sound reflects its role as a time expression in the sentence.

In normal Arabic writing, short vowels are usually not written, so you normally just see:

• اليوم

Because the noun has the possessive suffix ـي (my) attached to it.

With attached pronouns like this, the case ending is not shown in the usual visible way. So even though صديقي is the subject, you do not see a separate nominative ending like you might expect on a simpler noun.

So this is normal:

• يعتذر صديقي اليوم

The subject is still صديقي, even though its case is not visibly marked in the same way as a fully independent noun might be.

Yes. Arabic allows some flexibility.

You could also say:

• صديقي يعتذر اليوم
• اليوم يعتذر صديقي

All of these are grammatically possible. The differences are mainly about focus and style.

For example:

• يعتذر صديقي اليوم = neutral, common MSA style
• صديقي يعتذر اليوم = puts more attention on my friend
• اليوم يعتذر صديقي = puts more attention on today

You would change both the noun and the verb:

• تعتذر صديقتي اليوم

Breakdown:

• تعتذر = she apologizes / is apologizing
• صديقتي = my female friend
• اليوم = today

So the masculine version is:

• يعتذر صديقي اليوم

And the feminine version is:

• تعتذر صديقتي اليوم