مخرج الطوارئ هنا.

A careful MSA pronunciation is makhraj aṭ-ṭawāriʾ hunā.

• مخرج = makhraj
• الطوارئ = written al-ṭawāriʾ, but pronounced aṭ-ṭawāriʾ
• هنا = hunā

A few sound notes:

• kh in makhraj is the Arabic خ, like the sound in Scottish loch or German Bach
• ṭ is an emphatic t
• the final ʾ in ṭawāriʾ is a hamza, a glottal stop

Word by word:

• مخرج = exit
• الطوارئ = the emergencies or emergency situations
• هنا = here

So the phrase مخرج الطوارئ literally looks like exit of emergencies, but in natural English it means emergency exit.

Because this is an iḍāfa construction, often called the construct phrase.

In an iḍāfa:

• the first noun usually does not take ال
• the second noun can be definite or indefinite
• the whole phrase gets its definiteness from the second noun

So:

• مخرج الطوارئ = the emergency exit
• not المخرج الطوارئ

Here, الطوارئ is definite, so the whole phrase is definite.

No. In this sentence, الطوارئ is not an adjective.

Arabic usually expresses emergency exit as a noun + noun structure:

• مخرج الطوارئ

This is different from an adjective pattern. If it were an adjective, it would need to match مخرج in definiteness, gender, and number. But that is not what is happening here.

So think of it as:

• exit of emergency/emergencies → natural English emergency exit

Because Arabic uses الطوارئ idiomatically in this kind of phrase.

Literally, طوارئ is a plural form, often referring to emergencies or emergency situations, but in standard usage it appears in set expressions such as:

• قسم الطوارئ = emergency department / ER
• حالة طوارئ = state of emergency
• مخرج الطوارئ = emergency exit

So even though English uses singular emergency, Arabic naturally uses الطوارئ here.

Because ط is a sun letter.

With sun letters, the ل of ال is not pronounced separately. Instead, the following consonant is doubled in pronunciation.

So:

• written: الطوارئ
• pronounced: aṭ-ṭawāriʾ

This is a pronunciation rule only. The spelling still keeps ال.

There is no written word for is in the present tense here. Arabic often uses a nominal sentence with no present-tense copula.

So:

• مخرج الطوارئ هنا
• literally: The emergency exit here
• naturally: The emergency exit is here

This is completely normal Arabic.

Because هنا is the predicate part of the sentence: it tells you the location of مخرج الطوارئ.

A very natural Arabic order is:

• مخرج الطوارئ هنا = The emergency exit is here

You can also say:

• هنا مخرج الطوارئ = Here is the emergency exit

That version gives more emphasis to here. The original sentence sounds neutral and very natural, especially on a sign or in directions.

In fully vocalized MSA, it is:

مَخْرَجُ الطَّوَارِئِ هُنَا

Here is why:

• مَخْرَجُ takes ḍamma because it is the subject of the nominal sentence
• الطَّوَارِئِ takes kasra because it is the second part of the iḍāfa
• هنا is an indeclinable adverb of place, so it does not change like a regular noun

In everyday writing, these endings are usually not written, but they are useful to know if you are studying formal grammar.