قطعة اللعب على الطاولة.

In Modern Standard Arabic, the present-tense verb to be is usually not stated in simple sentences like this.

So قطعة اللعب على الطاولة is understood as:

• قطعة اللعب = the game piece
• على الطاولة = on the table

Together: The game piece is on the table.

If you wanted a past or future meaning, Arabic would normally use a verb, for example:

• كانت قطعة اللعب على الطاولة = The game piece was on the table.
• ستكون قطعة اللعب على الطاولة = The game piece will be on the table.

Yes. It is an iḍāfa construction, often called a construct phrase.

An iḍāfa is basically:

• noun + noun

Here:

• قطعة = piece
• اللعب = play / game-related play

So قطعة اللعب works as one unit, something like:

• piece of play
• or, depending on the intended meaning shown to the learner, game piece

Arabic uses iḍāfa very often where English might use:

• of
• or a noun used like an adjective, as in game piece

Because in an iḍāfa, the first noun does not take الـ.

So Arabic says:

• قطعة اللعب

not:

• القطعة اللعب

That is a key rule of iḍāfa:

• the first noun does not take الـ
• the second noun determines whether the whole phrase is definite or indefinite

Since the second word here is اللعب with الـ, the whole phrase can be understood as definite.

Because in an iḍāfa, the second noun is the one that can carry definiteness.

So:

• قطعة لعب would be more indefinite
• قطعة اللعب is definite because اللعب is definite

This is different from English, where we often put the in front of the whole phrase. In Arabic, with iḍāfa, definiteness is shown through the second noun.

على الطاولة is a prepositional phrase meaning on the table.

It functions as the predicate of the sentence, telling you where the game piece is.

Breakdown:

• على = on
• الطاولة = the table

So the structure is:

• قطعة اللعب = the subject/topic
• على الطاولة = where it is

على is the most normal word for on when something is resting on a surface.

So for something physically sitting on a table, على الطاولة is the natural choice.

فوق often means above / over / on top of, but it is a bit more spatial and does not always focus on contact with the surface.

So:

• على الطاولة = on the table
• فوق الطاولة = above the table / over the table / on top of the table, depending on context

For a piece resting on the table, على الطاولة is the usual wording.

A rough pronunciation is:

qiṭʿat al-laʿb ʿalā aṭ-ṭāwila

A few useful pronunciation points:

• قطعة by itself is often heard like qiṭʿah when you stop there.
• But in قطعة اللعب, it is linked to the next word, so the final ة is pronounced -t:
  qiṭʿat...

Also, both اللعب and الطاولة begin with sun letters, so the ل of الـ assimilates:

• اللعب → you hear a doubled l sound
• الطاولة → you hear aṭ-ṭāwila, not a full al-ṭ...

If fully vocalized as a sentence, it would be:

قِطْعَةُ اللَّعْبِ عَلَى الطَّاوِلَةِ

Why those endings?

• قِطْعَةُ: nominative, because it is the subject/topic of the nominal sentence
• اللَّعْبِ: genitive, because it is the second noun in the iḍāfa
• الطَّاوِلَةِ: genitive, because it comes after the preposition على

In normal Arabic writing, these short vowels are usually omitted, so learners often have to infer them from grammar.

Yes. قطعة is grammatically feminine, which you can already suspect from the ة at the end.

In this sentence, that does not create any visible agreement because there is no adjective or past-tense verb agreeing with it.

But if you added an adjective, it would usually be feminine too. For example:

• قطعةُ اللعبِ الصغيرةُ = the small game piece

So the feminine gender of قطعة does matter in larger sentences, even if it is not very obvious here.

That is a very good question, because Arabic can be ambiguous here without context.

The string قطعة اللعب على الطاولة could be understood as:

• a full sentence: The game piece is on the table
• or a noun phrase: the game piece on the table

In real use, context usually makes the intended meaning clear. Punctuation, surrounding sentences, and speech intonation also help.

So if the meaning shown to the learner is The game piece is on the table, that is a perfectly normal reading.

Because ة changes its pronunciation depending on position.

When you pause on a word like قطعة, it is often pronounced roughly as:

• qiṭʿah

But when the word is connected to another word in an iḍāfa, the ة is pronounced as t:

• قطعة اللعب → qiṭʿat al-laʿb

This is very common in Arabic and is one of the first things learners notice with ة.