تجتاز المركبة الفحص.

This is a verbal sentence in Arabic, meaning it starts with a verb.

Its parts are:

• تجتاز = the verb
• المركبة = the subject
• الفحص = the object

So the pattern is:

• Verb + Subject + Object

This word order is very common in Modern Standard Arabic.

The تـ here marks the verb as 3rd person feminine singular in the present/imperfect tense.

That is because المركبة is grammatically feminine singular.
A noun ending in ـة is very often feminine, and مركبة is one of those nouns.

So:

• يجتاز = he/it passes
• تجتاز = she/it passes

Since المركبة is feminine, Arabic uses تجتاز.

تجتاز is the present/imperfect form of اجتاز.

So the dictionary form is:

• اجتاز = to pass, to get through, to undergo successfully, sometimes to cross/traverse depending on context

The present forms are:

• يجتاز = he passes
• تجتاز = she/it passes

In this sentence, it means something like passes or gets through successfully.

Because Arabic often prefers verb-first order in verbal sentences.

So:

• تجتاز المركبة الفحص = a normal verbal-sentence order
• المركبة تجتاز الفحص = also possible, but it gives the subject more emphasis, like the vehicle passes the inspection

Both are grammatical, but the first one is a very standard neutral structure in MSA.

There are two main clues:

1. Word order
   In a typical verbal sentence, the order is:

   • verb
   • subject
   • object

2. Case endings
   In fully vowelled Arabic, the sentence would be:

• تجتازُ المركبةُ الفحصَ

Here:

• المركبةُ has ـُ and is nominative, so it is the subject
• الفحصَ has ـَ and is accusative, so it is the direct object

In normal unvowelled writing, you usually rely on grammar and context.

Because both nouns are definite:

• المركبة = the vehicle
• الفحص = the inspection / the test

So the sentence is talking about a specific or understood vehicle and a specific or understood inspection.

If you removed الـ, the meaning would become more indefinite:

• مركبة = a vehicle
• فحص = an inspection / a test

By itself, the Arabic imperfect tense can refer to:

• the present
• the future
• a habitual action

So تجتاز المركبة الفحص can mean:

• The vehicle passes the inspection
• The vehicle is passing the inspection
• sometimes even The vehicle will pass the inspection, depending on context

If Arabic wants to make the future clearer, it often adds:

• سـ
• or سوف

For example:

• ستجتاز المركبة الفحص = the vehicle will pass the inspection

With full case endings, it is:

• تجتازُ المركبةُ الفحصَ

A helpful transliteration is:

• tajtāzu al-markabatu al-faḥṣa

A few pronunciation notes:

• تجتاز has a long ā sound: taj-tāz
• المركبة is al-markaba
• الفحص is al-faḥṣ
• In both المركبة and الفحص, the l of ال is pronounced, because م and ف are moon letters, not sun letters

Not necessarily.

فحص is a general word for:

• inspection
• examination
• check
• testing

In the context of المركبة, it usually means something like:

• a vehicle inspection
• a technical check
• a safety inspection

So it is broader than just a school-style exam.

It can mean more than that.

Depending on context, اجتاز / يجتاز can mean:

• to pass a test or inspection
• to get through something successfully
• to cross or traverse something

For example, in another context:

• اجتاز الشارع = he crossed the street

So the core idea is often going through something, either physically or figuratively.