الصبار في مكان جاف.

A natural Egyptian-style pronunciation would be:

eṣ-ṣabbār fi makān gāf

A few notes:

• الصبار is pronounced roughly eṣ-ṣabbār
• في is fi
• مكان is makān
• جاف is gāf in Egyptian, because ج is usually pronounced like g in go

You may also hear a more everyday Egyptian version with ناشف instead of جاف:

eṣ-ṣabbār fi makān nāshef

Because Arabic often leaves out the present-tense verb to be.

So in Egyptian Arabic, a sentence like this is built as:

• الصبار = the cactus
• في مكان جاف = in a dry place

Together, that naturally means the cactus is in a dry place.

This is very normal in Arabic.
If you wanted a past meaning, then you would usually add a verb such as كان:

• الصبار كان في مكان جاف = the cactus was in a dry place

في means in or inside, and very often also covers the idea of at depending on context.

Here, في مكان جاف is a prepositional phrase meaning:

• in a dry place

Arabic uses في very widely, so it is one of the most common words you will see.

Because ص is a sun letter.

In Arabic, when ال comes before a sun letter, the l sound assimilates to the next consonant. So:

• written: الصبار
• pronounced: eṣ-ṣabbār

You still write ال, but you do not pronounce the l clearly.

This happens with many words, for example:

• الشمس → esh-shams
• الراجل → er-rāgil

Because in Arabic, adjectives normally come after the noun they describe.

So:

• مكان = place
• جاف = dry

Together:

• مكان جاف = a dry place

This is the normal Arabic order.
English says dry place, but Arabic says place dry.

Because Arabic adjectives must match the noun in definiteness as well as gender and number.

Here:

• مكان = a place, not the place
• so the adjective must also be indefinite:
• جاف = dry

So you get:

• مكان جاف = a dry place

If you wanted the dry place, you would say:

• المكان الجاف

Notice that both words become definite.

Because مكان is a masculine noun.

In Arabic, adjectives agree with the nouns they describe. Since مكان is masculine singular, the adjective is also masculine singular:

• مكان جاف = a dry place

If the noun were feminine, the adjective would usually change too. For example:

• منطقة جافة = a dry area

So the form of جاف tells you it is describing a masculine noun here.

It is understandable, but it sounds a bit more formal or standard.

In everyday Egyptian Arabic, many speakers would more naturally say:

• ناشف = dry

So a more colloquial Egyptian version would often be:

• الصبار في مكان ناشف

Both are understandable, but:

• جاف feels more formal / Standard Arabic-like
• ناشف feels more everyday Egyptian

No. In spoken Egyptian Arabic, you do not use the full case endings that learners may see in Modern Standard Arabic grammar books.

So in Egyptian, you can simply say:

• الصبار في مكان جاف

without adding anything at the ends of the words.

That is one reason spoken Egyptian is often easier to say than formal written Arabic.