غروب الشمس بعد الساعة سبعة.

In Egyptian Arabic, as in Arabic generally, the present-tense verb to be is usually left out.

So:

غروب الشمس بعد الساعة سبعة

literally looks like:

sunset the-sun after seven o’clock

but naturally means:

Sunset is after seven o’clock.

If the sentence were in the past or future, you would usually use a verb such as كان or هيكون.

غروب means sunset or the setting.

It is a noun, not a conjugated verb. More specifically, it is a verbal noun related to the idea of setting or going down.

So:

• غروب = sunset / setting
• الشمس = the sun

Together, غروب الشمس means sunset or more literally the setting of the sun.

Because Arabic often expresses this kind of idea with an idafa structure, often called a possessive construction.

غروب الشمس literally means:

the sunset of the sun
or
the setting of the sun

This is a very normal Arabic pattern:

• باب البيت = the door of the house
• لون السماء = the color of the sky
• غروب الشمس = the sunset of the sun

In English, we usually package this into one word, sunset, but Arabic commonly uses this two-word structure.

Because in an idafa construction, the first word usually does not take الـ.

So in:

غروب الشمس

• غروب = first part of the idafa
• الشمس = second part

The whole phrase becomes definite because the second word is definite.

So even without الـ on غروب, غروب الشمس still means the sunset / sunset, not just some random sunset.

الشمس means the sun, so it takes the definite article الـ.

But in pronunciation, the l sound of الـ is assimilated because ش is a sun letter. So instead of pronouncing it exactly as al-shams, it is pronounced more like:

ash-shams in careful Arabic
or in Egyptian, often closer to ish-shams / esh-shams

So the spelling stays:

الشمس

but the pronunciation changes because of the first consonant after الـ.

بعد means after.

In this sentence, it introduces the time expression:

بعد الساعة سبعة = after seven o’clock

So the structure is:

• غروب الشمس = sunset
• بعد = after
• الساعة سبعة = seven o’clock

Together:

غروب الشمس بعد الساعة سبعة = Sunset is after seven o’clock.

In Egyptian Arabic, time is very often told with the pattern:

الساعة + number

So:

• الساعة واحد = one o’clock
• الساعة خمسة = five o’clock
• الساعة سبعة = seven o’clock

This is very common in speech.

By contrast, السابعة is the ordinal form the seventh, and that style is more associated with formal Arabic or more formal phrasing for time.

So:

• الساعة سبعة = normal Egyptian colloquial
• الساعة السابعة = more formal / more MSA-like

In this expression, سبعة is the normal colloquial way to say seven in clock time:

الساعة سبعة = seven o’clock

A learner may notice that in some counting expressions Arabic uses سبع instead of سبعة, depending on the gender rules of the noun being counted. But time-telling expressions like الساعة سبعة behave like a fixed colloquial pattern, so سبعة is what you expect here.

So the short answer is:

• for telling the time in Egyptian, الساعة سبعة is the normal form
• this is not the same as ordinary number+noun counting rules

It is understandable, and it works, but in everyday Egyptian speech many people would also say it with a verb, for example:

الشمس بتغرب بعد الساعة سبعة
= The sun sets after seven o’clock

or

غروب الشمس بيكون بعد الساعة سبعة
= Sunset is after seven o’clock

Your original sentence sounds a bit compact, like an informational statement, caption, or written note. A spoken sentence with بتغرب may feel more conversational.

The sentence begins with the topic:

غروب الشمس = sunset

and then gives information about it:

بعد الساعة سبعة = after seven o’clock

So the structure is basically:

[topic] + [time information]

This is very normal in Arabic nominal sentences. Arabic does not need to begin with a verb here.

A useful pronunciation guide is:

ghorūb ish-shams baʿd is-sāʿa sabʿa

A slightly more English-friendly approximation:

gho-ROOB ish-SHAMS baʿd is-SAA-ʿa SAB-ʿa

A few notes:

• غ is a deep sound often approximated as gh
• ع in ساعة and سبعة is a consonant, not silent in Arabic
• الشمس is pronounced with assimilation, so not el-shams but more like ish-shams

Yes. Because غروب is a noun, the sentence is centered on sunset as an event or time point.

So the feeling is closer to:

• sunset is after seven o’clock
• the time of sunset is after seven o’clock

If you want a more verbal idea, the sun sets after seven o’clock, Egyptian speakers often say:

الشمس بتغرب بعد الساعة سبعة