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to renounce or reject solemnly; to give up completely
abnegate
The monks chose to abnegate all worldly pleasures in pursuit of spiritual enlightenment.
to formally renounce a belief, cause, or claim under oath
abjure
The heretic was forced to abjure his controversial teachings before the tribunal.
to leave hurriedly and secretly, typically to escape custody or avoid detection
abscond
The treasurer managed to abscond with the organisation's funds before anyone noticed.
indulging only very moderately in food and drink; temperate
abstemious
Despite the lavish buffet, the health-conscious executive remained abstemious.
the ability to make good judgements and quick decisions; keen insight
acumen
Her business acumen helped the startup grow from a garage operation into a global brand.
to increase the power, status, or wealth of; to make appear greater
aggrandize
The dictator built enormous monuments solely to aggrandize himself and his regime.
a thing belonging to or surviving from an earlier period; outdated
anachronism
The horse-drawn carriage was a charming anachronism in the modern city centre.
something that soothes or relieves pain; unlikely to cause offence
anodyne
The politician offered only anodyne remarks, carefully avoiding any controversy.
ridiculously old-fashioned; belonging to a time before the biblical flood
antediluvian
The company's antediluvian computer systems desperately needed upgrading.
the highest point in the development of something; the pinnacle
apotheosis
Many consider the symphony to be the apotheosis of the composer's artistic career.
approval or praise formally or officially expressed
approbation
The proposal received the approbation of the entire board of directors.
an elaborate or ornate design or pattern, often in art or ballet
arabesque
The dancer held a perfect arabesque, her form silhouetted against the stage lights.
very old or old-fashioned; belonging to ancient times
archaic
The document was written in archaic language that few modern readers could understand.
harshness or severity of tone or manner; roughness of surface
asperity
She responded with unexpected asperity, startling everyone in the meeting room.
an attack on the reputation or character of someone; a damaging remark
aspersion
Casting aspersions on a colleague without evidence is both unprofessional and harmful.
to reduce the force, effect, or value of something; to weaken
attenuate
The thick walls helped attenuate the sound of traffic from the busy street outside.
inspiring awe or admiration; respected and impressive
august
The august institution had been a centre of learning for over five centuries.
conducive to success; favourable and promising
auspicious
The sunny weather on opening day was considered an auspicious sign for the festival.
to state or assert to be the case; to declare positively
aver
The witness continued to aver that she had seen the suspect at the scene.
demonstrating aggression and willingness to fight; warlike
bellicose
The nation's bellicose foreign policy alarmed its neighbours and trading partners.
a flattering or pleasing statement used to persuade someone gently
blandishment
No amount of blandishment could convince the stubborn negotiator to change his position.
showing a casual and cheerful indifference considered to be improper
blithe
Her blithe disregard for the rules eventually led to serious consequences.
to tolerate or endure something, typically used in negative constructions
brook
The headmistress would brook no dissent from her staff on matters of discipline.
to polish something by rubbing it; to enhance or improve
burnish
The campaign was designed to burnish the company's tarnished public image.
the making of false and defamatory statements to damage someone's reputation
calumny
The politician dismissed the accusations as nothing but calumny spread by his opponents.
an unfounded rumour or story; a fabricated report
canard
The claim that the product causes illness turned out to be a complete canard.
bad-tempered, argumentative, and uncooperative; grumpy
cantankerous
The cantankerous landlord refused every reasonable request from his tenants.
given to making trivial and often unfounded objections; fault-finding
captious
The captious reviewer seemed determined to find flaws in an otherwise flawless performance.
to reprimand someone severely; to punish harshly
castigate
The press was quick to castigate the minister for the ill-advised comments.
sarcastic in a scathing and burning way; corrosive and biting
caustic
Her caustic wit could reduce even the most confident speakers to silence.
to make petty or unnecessary objections; to quibble
cavil
Rather than addressing the substance of the proposal, the critic chose to cavil about minor details.
a feeling of annoyance and distress caused by humiliation or disappointment
chagrin
Much to her chagrin, the award went to her less experienced colleague.
a person displaying aggressive or exaggerated loyalty to a particular cause
chauvinist
The corporate chauvinist refused to acknowledge any merit in the competitor's approach.
rude in a mean-spirited and surly way; boorish and ill-mannered
churlish
It would be churlish to refuse such a generous and heartfelt offer of help.
the use of many words where fewer would do; indirect and evasive language
circumlocution
The witness's circumlocution frustrated the judge, who demanded a straight answer.
to restrict or define the limits of something; to enclose within bounds
circumscribe
The new regulations will circumscribe the authority of local officials.
secret or illegal cooperation or conspiracy to deceive others
collusion
The investigation revealed collusion between the company and government regulators.
willing to please others; obliging and eager to satisfy
complaisant
The complaisant host agreed to every request, no matter how unreasonable.
a feeling of guilt or moral scruple that prevents wrongdoing
compunction
The swindler showed no compunction about defrauding elderly victims of their savings.
a large destructive fire; a blaze that causes extensive damage
conflagration
The conflagration spread rapidly through the dry forest, consuming thousands of acres.
showing great skill and flair; complete and perfect in every respect
consummate
She is a consummate professional who handles even the most stressful situations with grace.
stubbornly or wilfully disobedient to authority; rebellious
contumacious
The contumacious defendant refused to rise when the judge entered the courtroom.
insulting language or treatment; insolent or disdainful rudeness
contumely
The workers endured years of contumely from their overbearing supervisor.
friendly, lively, and enjoyable in atmosphere; fond of feasting
convivial
The convivial atmosphere at the dinner party put all the guests at ease.
capable of being corrected, reformed, or improved
corrigible
Fortunately, most of the errors in the manuscript were easily corrigible.
to care for and protect in an excessively indulgent way; to pamper
cosset
The youngest child was cosseted by the entire family, never left wanting for anything.
a small group of people with shared interests or tastes; an exclusive circle
coterie
The artist was part of a coterie of avant-garde painters who met every Friday.
to admit as acceptable or give approval to; to tolerate officially
countenance
The principal refused to countenance any form of bullying in the school.
lacking courage; contemptibly timid and cowardly
craven
His craven refusal to stand up for his colleagues cost him their respect.
greed for money or possessions; excessive desire for wealth
cupidity
The banker's cupidity led him to embezzle millions from unsuspecting clients.
a bad-tempered and difficult person, especially an older one
curmudgeon
Beneath the exterior of a curmudgeon, he was actually quite generous and warm-hearted.
a sudden and complete disaster or fiasco; a total collapse
debacle
The product launch turned into a debacle when the software crashed on live television.
polite and restrained in behaviour; dignified and proper
decorous
The guests maintained decorous behaviour throughout the state banquet.
no longer existing or functioning; dead or extinct
defunct
The once-popular magazine has been defunct since the early 2000s.
to raise objections or show reluctance; to hesitate or protest mildly
demur
When asked to work overtime without pay, she politely but firmly demurred.
to criticise unfairly; to disparage or blacken someone's reputation
denigrate
He took every opportunity to denigrate the achievements of his predecessors.
the final outcome of a complex sequence of events; the resolution of a plot
denouement
The novel's surprising denouement left readers debating its meaning for weeks.
a ruler who holds absolute power, typically one who exercises it cruelly
despot
The people finally revolted against the despot who had oppressed them for decades.
light, delicate, and translucent; almost transparent
diaphanous
The bride wore a diaphanous veil that caught the light beautifully.
a forceful and bitter verbal attack against someone or something
diatribe
The columnist launched a lengthy diatribe against the proposed housing development.
slow to act; tending to waste time or cause delay
dilatory
The company's dilatory response to the safety complaint drew regulatory scrutiny.
to persuade someone that an idea or belief is mistaken; to correct a false impression
disabuse
The training seminar sought to disabuse new recruits of common misconceptions about the role.
to make someone feel uneasy or embarrassed; to thwart or defeat
discomfit
The unexpected question from the audience seemed to discomfit the otherwise confident speaker.
to conceal one's true motives or feelings behind a false appearance
dissemble
The spy had to dissemble constantly, hiding her true identity from everyone around her.
the closing down or dismissal of an assembly or partnership; decomposition
dissolution
The dissolution of the partnership left both parties scrambling to divide their assets.
rigidly adhering to a set of principles regardless of circumstances
doctrinaire
The doctrinaire minister refused to consider any policy that conflicted with party ideology.
having or showing tenacity and grim persistence; stubbornly determined
dogged
Her dogged pursuit of the truth eventually uncovered a massive cover-up.
excessively harsh and severe, especially of laws or punishments
draconian
The new sentencing guidelines were criticised as draconian by civil liberties groups.
affected, overrefined, and ineffectual; no longer capable of productive action
effete
The once-powerful empire had grown effete, unable to respond to threats on its borders.
insolent or impertinent boldness; audacious nerve
effrontery
She had the effrontery to demand a raise after being caught falsifying her timesheets.
shining brightly; radiant and gleaming with light
effulgent
The effulgent sunset painted the sky in shades of gold and crimson.
having the quality of softening or soothing the skin; something that calms
emollient
The diplomat's emollient words helped ease tensions during the heated summit.
to cause someone to feel drained of energy or vitality; to weaken
enervate
The oppressive heat seemed to enervate everyone, leaving the whole office sluggish.
a feeling of listlessness and dissatisfaction arising from boredom
ennui
A profound ennui settled over him during the long, uneventful winter months.
to ask someone earnestly or anxiously to do something; to implore
entreat
She entreated the committee to reconsider its decision before it was too late.
even-tempered and calm; not easily disturbed or angered
equable
His equable temperament made him an ideal mediator during office disputes.
to use vague language so as to avoid committing oneself; to be deliberately unclear
equivocate
When pressed for a direct answer, the candidate continued to equivocate.
straying from the proper course or standards; misbehaving
errant
The errant knight had abandoned his sworn duties in favour of personal glory.
former; of a previous time or era
erstwhile
The erstwhile allies now found themselves on opposing sides of the conflict.
to deliberately avoid using or participating in; to abstain from
eschew
The philosopher urged his students to eschew material excess in favour of intellectual pursuit.
worthy of great respect; admirable and honourable
estimable
The professor was an estimable scholar whose contributions shaped the entire field.
soon passing out of sight, memory, or existence; quickly fading
evanescent
The morning mist was evanescent, vanishing completely by the time the sun rose.
to criticise someone severely; to censure harshly and publicly
excoriate
The editorial went on to excoriate the administration for its handling of the crisis.
to show or declare that someone is not guilty of wrongdoing; to clear of blame
exculpate
New forensic evidence helped exculpate the wrongly convicted man.
extremely bad or unpleasant; deserving strong condemnation
execrable
The food at the banquet was so execrable that most guests left their plates untouched.
pressing; demanding immediate attention or action
exigent
The exigent circumstances required the team to work through the night to meet the deadline.
to speak or write at length or in great detail about a topic
expatiate
The lecturer loved to expatiate on minor historical details for hours on end.
to obliterate or remove completely; to erase or destroy
expunge
The court ordered the arrest to be expunged from his record after he was acquitted.
to remove matter thought to be objectionable from a text; to censor
expurgate
The publisher chose to expurgate the novel, removing all passages deemed offensive.
still in existence; surviving; not destroyed or lost
extant
Only a handful of the composer's original manuscripts are still extant.
to root out and destroy completely; to eradicate
extirpate
The campaign aimed to extirpate corruption at every level of the government.
silly and pointless; devoid of intelligence or meaning
fatuous
The executive's fatuous suggestion to "just try harder" infuriated the exhausted team.
displaying exaggerated flattery or affection; sycophantic and obsequious
fawning
The fawning courtiers competed to shower the king with the most elaborate compliments.
lacking initiative or strength of character; irresponsible and worthless
feckless
The feckless administration failed to prepare for a crisis that everyone had predicted.
well chosen or suited to the circumstances; pleasingly apt
felicitous
The speaker's felicitous choice of words turned a routine address into a memorable one.
agitation and excitement among a group causing unrest and upheaval
ferment
The nation was in a state of political ferment following the disputed election results.
a young bird that has just grown feathers; new and inexperienced
fledgling
The fledgling democracy struggled to establish stable institutions in its early years.
to instigate or stir up unrest or revolution; to incite trouble
foment
Foreign agents attempted to foment discord among the country's ethnic groups.
patient self-control; restraint and tolerance under provocation
forbearance
The teacher showed remarkable forbearance in dealing with the most difficult pupils.
to deny or contradict a fact or statement; to speak against
gainsay
The evidence is so overwhelming that no one can gainsay the researcher's conclusions.
the highest point in the development of something; the peak or culmination
acme
The composer reached the acme of her career with a symphony that redefined the genre.
leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others
hegemony
The nation's cultural hegemony was reflected in the global spread of its language and media.
a person who is new to a subject, skill, or activity; a beginner
neophyte
The neophyte struggled to keep up with experienced colleagues during her first week.
beginning to come into being or to become apparent; in an initial stage
inchoate
Her inchoate ideas about the novel gradually took shape over months of reflection.
just beginning to develop; in the earliest stage of existence
incipient
Doctors detected the incipient signs of the disease before symptoms fully manifested.
unable to be avoided or evaded; inescapable
ineluctable
The passage of time and the changes it brings are ineluctable facts of human existence.
not suited or appropriate for a particular occasion; inapt or awkward
infelicitous
His infelicitous remarks at the memorial service offended nearly everyone in attendance.
tending to obstruct or cause harm; hostile or unfriendly
inimical
The harsh climate proved inimical to the settlers' attempts at farming.
impossible to understand or interpret; mysterious and enigmatic
inscrutable
The diplomat's inscrutable expression gave no hint of her position on the treaty.
showing a casual lack of concern; carefree and indifferent
insouciant
Her insouciant attitude toward deadlines frustrated her more disciplined colleagues.
hard to control or deal with; stubbornly disobedient
intractable
The negotiators faced an intractable dispute that had resisted resolution for decades.
vehemently abusive and critical language directed against someone
invective
The debate descended into personal invective rather than a discussion of policy.
unable to act decisively; hesitant and uncertain
irresolute
The leader's irresolute response to the crisis allowed the situation to deteriorate.
travelling from place to place; wandering
itinerant
The itinerant musician performed in a different town each night across the countryside.
affected by bitterness, resentment, or cynicism; having a distorted outlook
jaundiced
Years of political corruption left the journalist with a jaundiced view of public officials.
given to weeping; tearful or mournful
lachrymose
The lachrymose film left half the audience reaching for tissues by the final scene.
to publicly criticise someone or something by using ridicule or satire
lampoon
The comedian's sketch ruthlessly lampooned the political establishment.
the state or feeling of tiredness and lack of energy; listlessness
languor
A heavy languor settled over the town during the long, humid afternoons of summer.
tending or too ready to go to law to settle disputes
litigious
The company operated in an increasingly litigious environment where lawsuits were commonplace.
looking sad and gloomy; mournful and sorrowful
lugubrious
The conductor's lugubrious rendition of the requiem brought a sombre hush over the hall.
giving out or reflecting bright light; shining and radiant
luminous
The author's luminous prose transformed an ordinary story into something transcendent.
the quality of being generous and forgiving, especially toward a rival or enemy
magnanimity
The victor showed great magnanimity by pardoning those who had fought against him.
a person who pretends to be ill or incapacitated to avoid duty or work
malingerer
The sergeant suspected the soldier was a malingerer faking injury to avoid deployment.
a strict disciplinarian, especially in the armed forces or a workplace
martinet
The office manager was a martinet who enforced every rule with rigid precision.
apparently attractive but having in reality no value or integrity; superficially plausible but actually wrong
meretricious
The meretricious advertising campaign promised results that the product could never deliver.
the social environment or setting in which something occurs or develops
milieu
The artist thrived in the creative milieu of 1920s Paris.
expressing or conveying a threat; menacing
minatory
The manager's minatory tone during the meeting left the staff feeling anxious and uneasy.
the lowest point in the fortunes of a person or organisation; the opposite of the peak
nadir
The company's stock price reached its nadir during the financial crisis of 2008.
just beginning to develop and grow; emerging
nascent
The nascent democracy faced enormous challenges in establishing rule of law.
causing annoyance or difficulty; irritating
nettlesome
The nettlesome border dispute had plagued relations between the two countries for decades.
to render unclear or unintelligible; to make something harder to understand
obfuscate
The witness attempted to obfuscate the facts by giving rambling and contradictory answers.
not straightforward or direct; slanting or at an angle
oblique
The professor made only oblique references to the scandal, never addressing it head-on.
noisy and difficult to control; boisterous and unruly
obstreperous
The obstreperous crowd drowned out the speaker's attempts to restore order.
asserting one's authority or intruding in others' affairs in an annoyingly domineering way
officious
The officious clerk insisted on checking every document three times, delaying the entire process.
involving an amount of effort or difficulty that is oppressively burdensome
onerous
The new regulations imposed onerous requirements on small businesses already struggling to survive.
expressing scorn, harsh criticism, or abusive disgrace
opprobrious
The politician's opprobrious remarks about his opponents shocked even his own supporters.
to move or swing back and forth at a regular speed; to waver between extremes
oscillate
The committee continued to oscillate between the two proposals without reaching a decision.
having a narrow or limited outlook, especially focused on a local area; unsophisticated
parochial
His parochial perspective prevented him from appreciating the broader cultural significance of the artwork.
a sudden recurrence or attack, especially of a disease or emotion; a sudden outburst
paroxysm
The audience erupted in a paroxysm of laughter at the comedian's unexpected punchline.
relating to or consisting of money; financial
pecuniary
The lawsuit sought pecuniary damages to compensate the victims for their financial losses.
eternal punishment in hell; a state of utter ruin or destruction
perdition
The preacher warned that a life of vice would lead to eternal perdition.
travelling from place to place, especially working or based in various locations for short periods
peripatetic
The peripatetic consultant spent most of his year travelling between client offices in different cities.
easily irritated or annoyed; childishly sulky or bad-tempered
petulant
The petulant child stomped his feet and refused to eat dinner.
a person who is hostile or indifferent to culture and the arts; uncultured
philistine
His colleagues considered him a philistine for dismissing classical music as boring noise.
to attack or ridicule publicly; to expose someone to public contempt
pillory
The tabloids rushed to pillory the celebrity after the scandal broke.
having a loud, reverberating, and often mournful sound
plangent
The plangent notes of the cello echoed through the empty cathedral.
of or like a sign that something momentous or calamitous is likely to happen; ominously significant
portentous
The gathering storm clouds seemed portentous, as though nature itself sensed the coming conflict.
done, made, or acting suddenly and without careful consideration; hasty
precipitate
The manager's precipitate decision to lay off staff created chaos throughout the organisation.
to speak or act in an evasive way; to avoid telling the whole truth
prevaricate
The executive continued to prevaricate when pressed for details about the financial irregularities.
the quality of having strong moral principles; honesty and uprightness
probity
The judge was known for her probity and was trusted by both prosecution and defence.
a tendency or inclination toward a particular thing; a natural leaning
proclivity
His proclivity for risk-taking eventually caught up with him in the stock market.
to win or regain the favour of a deity, spirit, or person; to appease or pacify
propitiate
The ancient ritual was designed to propitiate the gods and ensure a bountiful harvest.
tending or able to change frequently or easily; versatile and adaptable
protean
The protean actor transformed himself completely for each role, becoming unrecognisable.
the place of origin or earliest known history of something
provenance
The museum meticulously verified the provenance of every artwork before adding it to the collection.
relating to or involving boxing or fist fighting; combative
pugilistic
The senator's pugilistic debating style, full of verbal jabs and counter-punches, made for gripping television.
a soft, boggy area of land that gives way underfoot; a difficult or precarious situation
quagmire
The military intervention quickly turned into a political quagmire with no clear exit strategy.
in a state of inactivity or dormancy; quiet and still
quiescent
The volcano had been quiescent for centuries before suddenly erupting with devastating force.
occurring or recurring daily; ordinary and everyday
quotidian
She found beauty in the quotidian routines of domestic life that others overlooked.
a person who tells anecdotes in a skilful and amusing way
raconteur
The elderly professor was a gifted raconteur whose stories captivated students for hours.
aggressively greedy or grasping; predatory and exploitative
rapacious
The rapacious corporation stripped the region of its natural resources without regard for the environment.
to express sharp disapproval or criticism of someone because of their behaviour
rebuke
The judge sternly rebuked the lawyer for attempting to mislead the jury.
little known; dealing with very profound or specialised subject matter
recondite
The scholar's recondite analysis of medieval tax codes appealed to only a handful of specialists.
inspiring fear or respect through being impressively large, powerful, or capable; formidable
redoubtable
The redoubtable chess champion had not lost a tournament match in over five years.
to make a forcefully reproachful protest; to argue in strong opposition
remonstrate
Citizens gathered at city hall to remonstrate against the proposed demolition of the historic building.
filled or well-supplied with something; abundantly provided
replete
The banquet table was replete with exotic dishes from a dozen different cuisines.
an unprincipled person; someone of highly immoral character
reprobate
The charming reprobate managed to talk his way out of trouble time and again.
feeling nervous, unable to keep still, or resistant to being controlled; uneasy
restive
The restive crowd grew increasingly impatient as the delayed concert still showed no signs of starting.
to reduce costs or spending in response to economic difficulty; to cut back
retrench
Facing declining revenue, the company was forced to retrench by closing several regional offices.
regarded as too important or valuable to be interfered with; inviolable
sacrosanct
In the family, Sunday dinner together was sacrosanct and no excuse for absence was accepted.
conducive to health or well-being; wholesome
salubrious
The doctor recommended relocating to a more salubrious climate to aid the patient's recovery.
making a show of being morally superior to others; hypocritically pious or devout
sanctimonious
The sanctimonious politician lectured others on ethics while secretly accepting bribes.
relating to tailoring, clothes, or style of dress
sartorial
His sartorial elegance was legendary; he never appeared in public without a perfectly tailored suit.
tending to induce drowsiness or sleep; tediously boring or monotonous
soporific
The professor's soporific lectures sent half the class into a stupor before the first hour was over.
superficially plausible but actually wrong; misleading in appearance
specious
The defendant's specious alibi fell apart under cross-examination.
a person who spends money in an extravagant and irresponsible way
spendthrift
The spendthrift heir burned through the family fortune in less than a decade.
not being what it purports to be; false or fake
spurious
The researcher retracted the paper after it was revealed that the data was spurious.
calm, dependable, and showing little emotion or animation; unemotional
stolid
The stolid farmer weathered each setback without complaint, simply returning to his work.
loud, harsh, and grating; urgently and obtrusively expressed
strident
The strident tone of the editorial alienated readers who might otherwise have been sympathetic.
fond of sensuous luxury or pleasure; self-indulgent
sybaritic
The sybaritic lifestyle of the ancient Roman elite included lavish banquets and perfumed baths.
expressing or intending to promote a particular cause or point of view; biased
tendentious
The documentary was widely criticised as tendentious, presenting only evidence that supported its thesis.
very hot and dry; intensely passionate or ardent
torrid
The torrid summer of that year broke temperature records across the entire continent.
easy to control or influence; manageable and compliant
tractable
The new employee proved tractable and eager to learn, quickly adapting to the team's methods.
a false, absurd, or distorted representation of something; a mockery or parody
travesty
The hastily organised event was a travesty that bore no resemblance to the elegant gala that had been promised.
excessively or ingratiatingly flattering; oily and sycophantic
unctuous
The salesman's unctuous manner made potential buyers suspicious rather than reassured.
to scold someone severely; to find fault with angrily
upbraid
The coach upbraided the team for their lacklustre performance in the first half.
to take a position of power or importance illegally or by force; to seize
usurp
The ambitious general plotted to usurp the throne while the king was away at war.
exhibiting different colours, especially as irregular patches or streaks; diverse and varied
variegated
The variegated foliage of the garden displayed a stunning array of greens, reds, and golds.
the appearance of being true or real; the quality of seeming lifelike
verisimilitude
The historical novel achieved remarkable verisimilitude, making readers feel transported to another era.
to make someone feel annoyed, frustrated, or worried, especially with trivial matters
vex
The constant bureaucratic delays continued to vex the researchers trying to obtain their permits.
a change of circumstances or fortune, typically one that is unwelcome or unpleasant
vicissitude
The autobiography chronicled the many vicissitudes of a life lived across four continents.
to abuse or censure severely or abusively; to berate with harsh language
vituperate
The critic did not merely disagree but proceeded to vituperate the author in the harshest possible terms.
an extremely confused, complicated, or embarrassing situation; a messy entanglement
imbroglio
The diplomatic imbroglio over fishing rights threatened to derail the broader trade negotiations.
not feeling or showing emotion; unmoved and calm in the face of difficulty
impassive
The defendant remained impassive as the verdict was read, betraying no hint of emotion.
having little or no money; penniless and poor
impecunious
The impecunious artist survived on the generosity of patrons who believed in his talent.
to ask someone pressingly and persistently for or to do something; to beg urgently
importune
Lobbyists continued to importune the senator for a meeting despite her repeated refusals.
to dispute the truth, validity, or honesty of a statement or motive; to call into question
impugn
The lawyer sought to impugn the credibility of the key witness during cross-examination.
exemption from punishment or freedom from the harmful consequences of an action
impunity
The dictator violated human rights with total impunity, knowing no court would hold him accountable.
unable to be corrected, improved, or reformed; incurable
incorrigible
The incorrigible optimist refused to see any situation as hopeless, no matter how dire.
a denoting or relating to a period of great peace, happiness, and prosperity; calm and tranquil
halcyon
Retirees often look back on their youth as a halcyon period free from worry or responsibility.
a forerunner of something; a person or thing that announces or signals the approach of another
harbinger
The first crocus of spring is often seen as a harbinger of warmer days ahead.