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To cite sources in German, use the preposition **laut** (according to).

{{item:879585}}

### Using "laut" with the Dative Case

The preposition **laut** can take either the dative or genitive case, but the dative case is much more common in everyday German. 

Notice the sentence structure: when a **laut** phrase starts the sentence, it occupies the first position. To satisfy German's verb-second (V2) rule, the conjugated verb must come immediately after it.

For feminine nouns like *die Statistik*, the dative article is **der**:

{{item:879589}}

For masculine nouns like *der Experte*, the dative article is **dem**:

{{item:879597}}

### Discussing Data

You will frequently pair **laut** with official sources of information, such as a census (*die Volkszählung*).

{{item:879593}}

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When reporting on trends found in these sources, you can summarize what is happening **im Durchschnitt** (on average).

{{item:879595}}

### Providing Context with "als"

To explain when a source was analyzed in the past, use the conjunction **als** (when). Because **als** is a subordinating conjunction, it sends the conjugated verb to the very end of its clause.

{{item:879601}}

Reporting sources (laut)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (der, die, das)

Indefinite articles (ein, eine)

Regular verbs and statement word order (ich -e, er -t)

The second person (du -st, Sie -en)

Yes/No questions

The verb 'to have' (habe, hast, hat)

Plural pronouns and regular verbs (wir, ihr, sie)

Plural 'to be' and 'to have' (sind, haben)

Plural nouns and the plural article (die)

Sentence negation (nicht)

Noun negation (kein, keine)

Question words (wer, was, wo, wie)

Numbers 0 to 12 (null, eins, zwei)

The accusative case (den, die, das)

Indefinite accusative articles (einen, keinen)

Direct object pronouns (mich, dich, ihn)

There is / there are (es gibt)

Vowel changes: e to i/ie (er spricht, sie liest)

Vowel changes: a to ä (er fährt)

Weather and conditions (es regnet)

First- and second-person possessives in the nominative (mein, dein, Ihr)

First- and second-person possessives in the accusative (meinen, deinen, Ihren)

Third-person and plural possessives (sein, ihr, unser, euer)

Possession with names (Annas Auto)

Demonstrative pronouns (dieser, diese, dieses)

Expressing preference (gern, lieber)

Asking about direction and origin (woher, wohin)

Expressing ability (können)

Polite requests (möchten)

Expressing intention (wollen)

Modal verbs of obligation and permission (müssen, dürfen)

Separable prefix verbs

Adverbs of frequency (immer, oft, manchmal, nie)

The Dative case and definite articles (dem, der, den)

Dative indefinite and negative articles (einem, einer, keinem)

Dative personal pronouns (mir, dir, ihm, ihr...)

Dative verbs (helfen, danken, gefallen, schmecken)

Dative prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach...)

Accusative prepositions (für, ohne, gegen)

Two-way prepositions for location (in, an, auf...)

Informal singular imperative (mach, komm)

Plural and formal imperative (macht, machen Sie)

Coordinating conjunctions (und, oder, aber, denn)

Simple past of sein and haben (war, hatte)

The perfect tense: regular verbs (gemacht, gespielt)

Past tense: irregular verbs (ge-...-en)

The perfect tense: mixed verbs (gebracht, gekannt)

The perfect tense with sein (ist gegangen)

The perfect tense: separable verbs (eingekauft)

The perfect tense: inseparable and -ieren verbs (besucht, studiert)

Informal singular commands (mach, lern)

Numbers 13 to 20 (dreizehn to zwanzig)

Counting by tens to 100 (dreißig, vierzig)

Telling time (Uhr, halb, Viertel, vor, nach)

Numbers 21 to 99 (einundzwanzig, zweiunddreißig)

Greetings and farewells

Thank you, sorry and good wishes

Everyday replies

Numbers 100 to 1,000,000 (hundert, tausend...)

Becoming and getting (werden)

The impersonal pronoun (man)

Indefinite pronouns (jemand, niemand...)

Time sequence prepositions (vor, nach, bei)

Time span prepositions (von... bis, seit, für)

Adverbs of sequence (zuerst, dann, danach)

Two-way prepositions for direction (in, auf, an...)

Directional adverbs (hin, her)

Placement verbs (setzen, stellen, legen)

Months of the year (Januar, Februar)

The four seasons (Frühling, Sommer)

Time prepositions and indefinite pronouns (an, in, um)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 19th (am ersten)

Ordinals 20th and beyond (-ste, -sten)

Placement vs. location verbs (stellen vs. stehen)

Accusative reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich)

Accusative reflexive verbs (sich freuen)

Dative reflexive pronouns (mir, dir, sich)

Dative reflexive verbs (sich etwas merken)

Ordinal numbers 11th to 19th (-te)

Temporal prepositions (an, in, um)

Double objects with nouns

Double objects with pronouns

The modal verb for advice (sollen)

Simple past of modal verbs (musste, wollte...)

Simple past of common irregulars (wurde, wusste, es gab)

Adverbial connectors of consequence (deshalb, darum...)

Subordinate clauses for statements (dass)

Question	Answer
according to	laut
the study	die Studie
the population	die Bevölkerung
According to the new study, the population is decreasing.	Laut der neuen Studie sinkt die Bevölkerung.
the proportion	der Anteil
According to this study, the proportion of old people is growing.	Laut dieser Studie wächst der Anteil der alten Menschen.
the statistic	die Statistik
According to the statistic, the population in the city is growing.	Laut der Statistik wächst die Bevölkerung in der Stadt.
This statistic shows the population of Germany.	Diese Statistik zeigt die Bevölkerung von Deutschland.
the census	die Volkszählung
the income	das Einkommen
According to the census, the income has risen.	Laut der Volkszählung ist das Einkommen gestiegen.
the average	der Durchschnitt
On average, the population is now older than before.	Im Durchschnitt ist die Bevölkerung jetzt älter als früher.
The income of the people rises every year.	Das Einkommen der Menschen steigt jedes Jahr.
According to the expert, the income will continue to rise.	Laut dem Experten wird das Einkommen weiter steigen.
the source	die Quelle
What is the source for this statistic?	Was ist die Quelle für diese Statistik?
According to this source, the proportion of children is decreasing.	Laut dieser Quelle sinkt der Anteil der Kinder.
When he read the study, he found the mistake.	Als er die Studie las, fand er den Fehler.
When we calculated the proportion, we found the problem.	Als wir den Anteil berechneten, fanden wir das Problem.
to increase (intransitive)	zunehmen
According to the census, the population is increasing.	Laut der Volkszählung nimmt die Bevölkerung zu.
According to the statistic, the income is increasing on average.	Laut der Statistik nimmt das Einkommen im Durchschnitt zu.