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### Prepositional relative clauses

Relative clauses add extra details about a noun. When the verb in the relative clause requires a preposition, or when you describe a location or tool (like the studio you record *in*, or the cable you connect *with*), the preposition sits at the very beginning of the relative clause.

Place a comma, followed immediately by the **preposition** and the **relative pronoun**, and send the conjugated verb to the end.

The noun described determines the pronoun's gender and number, but the preposition determines its **case**.

### Dative relative pronouns (Location and means)

Prepositions like *mit*, *von*, and *aus* always take the Dative case. Two-way prepositions (*in*, *an*, *auf*) also take the Dative when describing a static location (answering "where?"). 

The Dative relative pronouns are **dem** (masculine/neuter), **der** (feminine), and **denen** (plural).

Here, *das Studio* is a neuter noun, and *in* indicates location, so we use *in dem*:

{{item:874600}}

Similarly, working *at* a mixing desk is a static location:

{{item:874602}}

When describing a tool you use to accomplish something, *mit* always takes the Dative:

{{item:874610}}

{{item:874620}}

### Accusative relative pronouns (Direction and targets)

Prepositions like *ohne* and *für* always take the Accusative case. Two-way prepositions shift to the Accusative when they describe a direction, movement, or targeted action (answering "where to?"). 

The Accusative relative pronouns are **den** (masculine), **die** (feminine/plural), and **das** (neuter).

Because *ohne* strictly requires the Accusative, the masculine noun *Kopfhörer* takes *den*:

{{item:874605}}

Notice how the two-way preposition *an* behaves differently here than it did with the mixing desk above. Because plugging headphones *into* a computer is a directed action, *an* triggers the Accusative:

{{item:874607}}

Looking *onto* a screen is also a targeted direction:

{{item:874613}}

And *für* always takes the Accusative:

{{item:874621}}

### Relative pronouns at a glance

Here is a quick summary of the relative pronouns:

| Gender | Accusative | Dative |
|---|---|---|
| **Masculine** | den | dem |
| **Feminine** | die | der |
| **Neuter** | das | dem |
| **Plural** | die | denen |

Prepositional relative clauses (mit dem, auf die)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (der, die, das)

Indefinite articles (ein, eine)

Regular verbs and statement word order (ich -e, er -t)

The second person (du -st, Sie -en)

Yes/No questions

The verb 'to have' (habe, hast, hat)

Plural pronouns and regular verbs (wir, ihr, sie)

Plural 'to be' and 'to have' (sind, haben)

Plural nouns and the plural article (die)

Sentence negation (nicht)

Noun negation (kein, keine)

Question words (wer, was, wo, wie)

Numbers 0 to 12 (null, eins, zwei)

The accusative case (den, die, das)

Indefinite accusative articles (einen, keinen)

Direct object pronouns (mich, dich, ihn)

There is / there are (es gibt)

Vowel changes: e to i/ie (er spricht, sie liest)

Vowel changes: a to ä (er fährt)

Weather and conditions (es regnet)

First- and second-person possessives in the nominative (mein, dein, Ihr)

First- and second-person possessives in the accusative (meinen, deinen, Ihren)

Third-person and plural possessives (sein, ihr, unser, euer)

Possession with names (Annas Auto)

Demonstrative pronouns (dieser, diese, dieses)

Expressing preference (gern, lieber)

Asking about direction and origin (woher, wohin)

Expressing ability (können)

Polite requests (möchten)

Expressing intention (wollen)

Modal verbs of obligation and permission (müssen, dürfen)

Separable prefix verbs

Adverbs of frequency (immer, oft, manchmal, nie)

The Dative case and definite articles (dem, der, den)

Dative indefinite and negative articles (einem, einer, keinem)

Dative personal pronouns (mir, dir, ihm, ihr...)

Dative verbs (helfen, danken, gefallen, schmecken)

Dative prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach...)

Accusative prepositions (für, ohne, gegen)

Two-way prepositions for location (in, an, auf...)

Informal singular imperative (mach, komm)

Plural and formal imperative (macht, machen Sie)

Coordinating conjunctions (und, oder, aber, denn)

Simple past of sein and haben (war, hatte)

The perfect tense: regular verbs (gemacht, gespielt)

Past tense: irregular verbs (ge-...-en)

The perfect tense: mixed verbs (gebracht, gekannt)

The perfect tense with sein (ist gegangen)

The perfect tense: separable verbs (eingekauft)

The perfect tense: inseparable and -ieren verbs (besucht, studiert)

Informal singular commands (mach, lern)

Numbers 13 to 20 (dreizehn to zwanzig)

Counting by tens to 100 (dreißig, vierzig)

Telling time (Uhr, halb, Viertel, vor, nach)

Numbers 21 to 99 (einundzwanzig, zweiunddreißig)

Greetings and farewells

Thank you, sorry and good wishes

Everyday replies

Numbers 100 to 1,000,000 (hundert, tausend...)

Becoming and getting (werden)

The impersonal pronoun (man)

Indefinite pronouns (jemand, niemand...)

Time sequence prepositions (vor, nach, bei)

Time span prepositions (von... bis, seit, für)

Adverbs of sequence (zuerst, dann, danach)

Two-way prepositions for direction (in, auf, an...)

Directional adverbs (hin, her)

Placement verbs (setzen, stellen, legen)

Months of the year (Januar, Februar)

The four seasons (Frühling, Sommer)

Time prepositions and indefinite pronouns (an, in, um)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 19th (am ersten)

Ordinals 20th and beyond (-ste, -sten)

Placement vs. location verbs (stellen vs. stehen)

Accusative reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich)

Accusative reflexive verbs (sich freuen)

Dative reflexive pronouns (mir, dir, sich)

Dative reflexive verbs (sich etwas merken)

Ordinal numbers 11th to 19th (-te)

Temporal prepositions (an, in, um)

Double objects with nouns

Double objects with pronouns

The modal verb for advice (sollen)

Simple past of modal verbs (musste, wollte...)

Simple past of common irregulars (wurde, wusste, es gab)

Adverbial connectors of consequence (deshalb, darum...)

Subordinate clauses for statements (dass)

Question	Answer
the studio	das Studio
to record	aufnehmen
We are looking for a new studio, although we can record at home.	Wir suchen ein neues Studio, obwohl wir zu Hause aufnehmen können.
The studio we are recording in is very expensive.	Das Studio, in dem wir aufnehmen, ist sehr teuer.
the mixing desk	das Mischpult
I need the mixing desk you are currently working at.	Ich brauche das Mischpult, an dem du gerade arbeitest.
the headphone	der Kopfhörer
which (accusative)	den
Where are the headphones I hear nothing without?	Wo ist der Kopfhörer, ohne den ich nichts höre?
to connect	anschließen
The computer I connect the headphones to is not working.	Der Computer, an den ich den Kopfhörer anschließe, funktioniert nicht.
the cable	das Kabel
the amplifier	der Verstärker
We are looking for a long cable we can connect the amplifier with.	Wir suchen ein langes Kabel, mit dem wir den Verstärker anschließen können.
Here is the cable you told me about.	Hier ist das Kabel, von dem du mir erzählt hast.
the screen	der Bildschirm
There is the screen I always look at.	Dort ist der Bildschirm, auf den ich immer schaue.
The old screen was put next to the amplifier.	Der alte Bildschirm wurde neben den Verstärker gestellt.
He is buying an expensive mixing desk, although he has no money.	Er kauft ein teures Mischpult, obwohl er kein Geld hat.
the stand	das Stativ
Where is the stand the microphone stands on?	Wo ist das Stativ, auf dem das Mikrofon steht?
Which stand is for the camera you take photos with?	Welches Stativ ist für die Kamera, mit der du fotografierst?
the speaker	der Lautsprecher
I bought the speaker the music comes from.	Ich kaufte den Lautsprecher, aus dem die Musik kommt.
The speaker we paid a lot of money for is broken.	Der Lautsprecher, für den wir viel Geld bezahlten, ist kaputt.
the plug	der Stecker
The plug you connect the cable with is old.	Der Stecker, mit dem du das Kabel anschließt, ist alt.
The plug the amplifier doesn't work without is important.	Der Stecker, ohne den der Verstärker nicht funktioniert, ist wichtig.