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### Plural Adjectives Without Articles

When we talk about things in general or in unspecified quantities—like "fresh apples" or "sweet strawberries"—we don't use an article. This is very common when buying loose produce at the market.

When a plural noun has no article, the adjective must step up and show the grammatical case.

For the **Nominative** (the subject) and **Accusative** (the direct object) cases, the adjective takes the ending **-e**. This mimics the plural definite article *die*.

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### Dative Plural Without Articles

When the plural noun is in the **Dative** case, the adjective takes the ending **-en**. This mimics the dative plural article *den*. You will frequently see this after dative prepositions like **mit** (with) or **aus** (out of).

| Case | Adjective Ending | Example |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Nominative & Accusative | -e | frisch**e** Äpfel |
| Dative | -en | mit frisch**en** Äpfeln |

Here is how that looks in practice when talking about food from a market stall:

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Plural adjectives without articles (-e, -en)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (der, die, das)

Indefinite articles (ein, eine)

Regular verbs and statement word order (ich -e, er -t)

The second person (du -st, Sie -en)

Yes/No questions

The verb 'to have' (habe, hast, hat)

Plural pronouns and regular verbs (wir, ihr, sie)

Plural 'to be' and 'to have' (sind, haben)

Plural nouns and the plural article (die)

Sentence negation (nicht)

Noun negation (kein, keine)

Question words (wer, was, wo, wie)

Numbers 0 to 12 (null, eins, zwei)

The accusative case (den, die, das)

Indefinite accusative articles (einen, keinen)

Direct object pronouns (mich, dich, ihn)

There is / there are (es gibt)

Vowel changes: e to i/ie (er spricht, sie liest)

Vowel changes: a to ä (er fährt)

Weather and conditions (es regnet)

First- and second-person possessives in the nominative (mein, dein, Ihr)

First- and second-person possessives in the accusative (meinen, deinen, Ihren)

Third-person and plural possessives (sein, ihr, unser, euer)

Possession with names (Annas Auto)

Demonstrative pronouns (dieser, diese, dieses)

Expressing preference (gern, lieber)

Asking about direction and origin (woher, wohin)

Expressing ability (können)

Polite requests (möchten)

Expressing intention (wollen)

Modal verbs of obligation and permission (müssen, dürfen)

Separable prefix verbs

Adverbs of frequency (immer, oft, manchmal, nie)

The Dative case and definite articles (dem, der, den)

Dative indefinite and negative articles (einem, einer, keinem)

Dative personal pronouns (mir, dir, ihm, ihr...)

Dative verbs (helfen, danken, gefallen, schmecken)

Dative prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach...)

Accusative prepositions (für, ohne, gegen)

Two-way prepositions for location (in, an, auf...)

Informal singular imperative (mach, komm)

Plural and formal imperative (macht, machen Sie)

Coordinating conjunctions (und, oder, aber, denn)

Simple past of sein and haben (war, hatte)

The perfect tense: regular verbs (gemacht, gespielt)

Past tense: irregular verbs (ge-...-en)

The perfect tense: mixed verbs (gebracht, gekannt)

The perfect tense with sein (ist gegangen)

The perfect tense: separable verbs (eingekauft)

The perfect tense: inseparable and -ieren verbs (besucht, studiert)

Informal singular commands (mach, lern)

Numbers 13 to 20 (dreizehn to zwanzig)

Counting by tens to 100 (dreißig, vierzig)

Telling time (Uhr, halb, Viertel, vor, nach)

Numbers 21 to 99 (einundzwanzig, zweiunddreißig)

Greetings and farewells

Thank you, sorry and good wishes

Everyday replies

Numbers 100 to 1,000,000 (hundert, tausend...)

Becoming and getting (werden)

The impersonal pronoun (man)

Indefinite pronouns (jemand, niemand...)

Time sequence prepositions (vor, nach, bei)

Time span prepositions (von... bis, seit, für)

Adverbs of sequence (zuerst, dann, danach)

Two-way prepositions for direction (in, auf, an...)

Directional adverbs (hin, her)

Placement verbs (setzen, stellen, legen)

Months of the year (Januar, Februar)

The four seasons (Frühling, Sommer)

Time prepositions and indefinite pronouns (an, in, um)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 19th (am ersten)

Ordinals 20th and beyond (-ste, -sten)

Placement vs. location verbs (stellen vs. stehen)

Accusative reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich)

Accusative reflexive verbs (sich freuen)

Dative reflexive pronouns (mir, dir, sich)

Dative reflexive verbs (sich etwas merken)

Ordinal numbers 11th to 19th (-te)

Temporal prepositions (an, in, um)

Double objects with nouns

Double objects with pronouns

The modal verb for advice (sollen)

Simple past of modal verbs (musste, wollte...)

Simple past of common irregulars (wurde, wusste, es gab)

Adverbial connectors of consequence (deshalb, darum...)

Subordinate clauses for statements (dass)

Question	Answer
the market	der Markt
Do you often go to the market?	Gehst du oft auf den Markt?
fresh	frisch
There are fresh apples at the market.	Auf dem Markt gibt es frische Äpfel.
the carrot	die Karotte
We are buying fresh carrots today.	Wir kaufen heute frische Karotten.
sweet	süß
Do sweet carrots taste good to you?	Schmecken dir süße Karotten?
the strawberry	die Erdbeere
I would like sweet strawberries, please.	Ich hätte gern süße Erdbeeren, bitte.
The cake with sweet strawberries is very tasty.	Der Kuchen mit süßen Erdbeeren ist sehr lecker.
the stall	der Stand
Who is shopping at this stall?	Wer kauft an diesem Stand ein?
ripe	reif
At the stall they sell ripe tomatoes.	Am Stand verkaufen sie reife Tomaten.
the lemon	die Zitrone
Nobody buys expensive lemons here.	Niemand kauft hier teure Zitronen.
sour	sauer
What do you make out of sour lemons?	Was machst du aus sauren Zitronen?
Sour lemons do not taste good to me.	Saure Zitronen schmecken mir nicht.
the grape	die Traube
Do you have sweet grapes?	Haben Sie süße Trauben?
You can make wine with ripe grapes.	Mit reifen Trauben kann man Wein machen.

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