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### Saying hello

German picks its greeting by the time of day. **Guten Morgen** is the morning greeting, **Guten Tag** covers the whole middle of the day and is the safe, neutral choice with strangers, and **Guten Abend** takes over in the evening. **Gute Nacht** is NOT a greeting at all — it is what you say to someone going to bed.

| greeting | when |
|---|---|
| **Guten Morgen** | until about 11 |
| **Guten Tag** | the rest of the day |
| **Guten Abend** | from about 18:00 |
| **Gute Nacht** | only on the way to bed |

**Hallo** is the everyday informal greeting and works at any hour. **Herzlich willkommen** welcomes someone who has arrived.

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### Saying goodbye

**Auf Wiedersehen** is the formal farewell — literally "until seeing again". **Tschüss** is its informal partner, and it is what you will hear most.

The **bis** farewells name when you expect to meet again: **bis bald** (soon), **bis später** (later today), **bis morgen** (tomorrow).

{{item:866537}}

Note the case: *Guten Morgen* and *Guten Tag* carry an **-en** ending because they are leftovers of a longer accusative wish (*Ich wünsche Ihnen einen guten Tag*). *Gute Nacht* has no -n. Learn them as fixed units.

Greetings and farewells

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (der, die, das)

Indefinite articles (ein, eine)

Regular verbs and statement word order (ich -e, er -t)

The second person (du -st, Sie -en)

Yes/No questions

The verb 'to have' (habe, hast, hat)

Plural pronouns and regular verbs (wir, ihr, sie)

Plural 'to be' and 'to have' (sind, haben)

Plural nouns and the plural article (die)

Sentence negation (nicht)

Noun negation (kein, keine)

Question words (wer, was, wo, wie)

Numbers 0 to 12 (null, eins, zwei)

The accusative case (den, die, das)

Indefinite accusative articles (einen, keinen)

Direct object pronouns (mich, dich, ihn)

There is / there are (es gibt)

Vowel changes: e to i/ie (er spricht, sie liest)

Vowel changes: a to ä (er fährt)

Weather and conditions (es regnet)

First- and second-person possessives in the nominative (mein, dein, Ihr)

First- and second-person possessives in the accusative (meinen, deinen, Ihren)

Third-person and plural possessives (sein, ihr, unser, euer)

Possession with names (Annas Auto)

Demonstrative pronouns (dieser, diese, dieses)

Expressing preference (gern, lieber)

Asking about direction and origin (woher, wohin)

Expressing ability (können)

Polite requests (möchten)

Expressing intention (wollen)

Modal verbs of obligation and permission (müssen, dürfen)

Separable prefix verbs

Adverbs of frequency (immer, oft, manchmal, nie)

The Dative case and definite articles (dem, der, den)

Dative indefinite and negative articles (einem, einer, keinem)

Dative personal pronouns (mir, dir, ihm, ihr...)

Dative verbs (helfen, danken, gefallen, schmecken)

Dative prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach...)

Accusative prepositions (für, ohne, gegen)

Two-way prepositions for location (in, an, auf...)

Informal singular imperative (mach, komm)

Plural and formal imperative (macht, machen Sie)

Coordinating conjunctions (und, oder, aber, denn)

Simple past of sein and haben (war, hatte)

The perfect tense: regular verbs (gemacht, gespielt)

Past tense: irregular verbs (ge-...-en)

The perfect tense: mixed verbs (gebracht, gekannt)

The perfect tense with sein (ist gegangen)

The perfect tense: separable verbs (eingekauft)

The perfect tense: inseparable and -ieren verbs (besucht, studiert)

Informal singular commands (mach, lern)

Numbers 13 to 20 (dreizehn to zwanzig)

Counting by tens to 100 (dreißig, vierzig)

Telling time (Uhr, halb, Viertel, vor, nach)

Numbers 21 to 99 (einundzwanzig, zweiunddreißig)

Thank you, sorry and good wishes

Everyday replies

Numbers 100 to 1,000,000 (hundert, tausend...)

Becoming and getting (werden)

The impersonal pronoun (man)

Indefinite pronouns (jemand, niemand...)

Time sequence prepositions (vor, nach, bei)

Time span prepositions (von... bis, seit, für)

Adverbs of sequence (zuerst, dann, danach)

Two-way prepositions for direction (in, auf, an...)

Directional adverbs (hin, her)

Placement verbs (setzen, stellen, legen)

Months of the year (Januar, Februar)

The four seasons (Frühling, Sommer)

Time prepositions and indefinite pronouns (an, in, um)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 19th (am ersten)

Ordinals 20th and beyond (-ste, -sten)

Placement vs. location verbs (stellen vs. stehen)

Accusative reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich)

Accusative reflexive verbs (sich freuen)

Dative reflexive pronouns (mir, dir, sich)

Dative reflexive verbs (sich etwas merken)

Ordinal numbers 11th to 19th (-te)

Temporal prepositions (an, in, um)

Double objects with nouns

Double objects with pronouns

The modal verb for advice (sollen)

Simple past of modal verbs (musste, wollte...)

Simple past of common irregulars (wurde, wusste, es gab)

Adverbial connectors of consequence (deshalb, darum...)

Subordinate clauses for statements (dass)

Subordinate clauses for reasons (weil)

Question	Answer
hello (informal, any time of day)	Hallo
Hello! I am Anna.	Hallo! Ich bin Anna.
Hello, where are you?	Hallo, wo bist du?
good morning	Guten Morgen
Good morning! Are you tired?	Guten Morgen! Bist du müde?
Good morning! I am drinking coffee.	Guten Morgen! Ich trinke Kaffee.
hello, good day (neutral, formal)	Guten Tag
Hello! I come from Germany.	Guten Tag! Ich komme aus Deutschland.
Hello, Mrs Klein!	Guten Tag, Frau Klein!
good evening	Guten Abend
Good evening! We are eating now.	Guten Abend! Wir essen jetzt.
Good evening! We are drinking tea.	Guten Abend! Wir trinken Tee.
good night (only to someone going to bed)	Gute Nacht
Good night! I am going to sleep now.	Gute Nacht! Ich schlafe jetzt.
The child is tired. Good night!	Das Kind ist müde. Gute Nacht!
welcome	Herzlich willkommen
Welcome to Germany!	Herzlich willkommen in Deutschland!
Welcome! The house is big.	Herzlich willkommen! Das Haus ist groß.
goodbye (formal)	Auf Wiedersehen
Goodbye, Mrs Klein!	Auf Wiedersehen, Frau Klein!
I am working now. Goodbye!	Ich arbeite jetzt. Auf Wiedersehen!
bye (informal)	Tschüss
Bye, Anna!	Tschüss, Anna!
see you soon	bis bald
We are studying tomorrow. See you soon!	Wir lernen morgen. Bis bald!
Bye and see you soon!	Tschüss und bis bald!
see you later	bis später
See you later! I am working now.	Bis später! Ich arbeite jetzt.
I am coming quickly. See you later!	Ich komme schnell. Bis später!
see you tomorrow	bis morgen
Bye! See you tomorrow!	Tschüss! Bis morgen!
Goodbye! See you tomorrow!	Auf Wiedersehen! Bis morgen!
We are seeing the house tomorrow. See you tomorrow!	Wir sehen das Haus morgen. Bis morgen!
welcome (adjective)	willkommen
You are always welcome here.	Du bist hier immer willkommen.
We are very welcome.	Wir sind sehr willkommen.

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