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### The Passive Voice in the Past

Use the passive voice in the **passé composé** to describe historical events. For singular subjects, use **a été** (was) followed by the past participle and **par** (by).

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### Past Participle Agreement

Because the passive voice uses the helping verb **être**, the past participle must agree with the subject in gender and number. For example, add an **-e** for feminine subjects.

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The passive voice in the past (a été + par)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular 'to be' and indefinite articles (je suis un...)

Singular definite articles (le, la, l')

Identifying vs. describing (c'est vs. il est)

Feminine adjective agreement (+e)

Plural pronouns and 'to be' (nous sommes, vous êtes)

Formal and informal you (tu vs. vous)

Plural nouns and indefinite articles (des... -s)

Plural definite articles (les)

Plural adjective agreement (+s)

Stressed pronouns (moi, toi, lui)

The verb "to have" singular (j'ai, tu as, il a)

The verb "to have" plural (nous avons, vous avez, ils ont)

There is / there are (il y a)

Basic verbal negation (ne... pas)

Negating "there is" (il n'y a pas de)

Regular -er verbs singular (je parle, tu parles, il parle)

Regular -er verbs plural (nous parlons, vous parlez, ils parlent)

The verb "to be called" (s'appeler)

Yes/no questions with intonation (Tu parles ?)

Yes/no questions with "Est-ce que" (Est-ce que tu parles ?)

Informal questions (qui, que, quoi)

Standard questions (est-ce que)

Singular possessives (mon, ton, son)

Plural possessives (notre, votre, leur)

Demonstrative adjectives (ce, cet, cette, ces)

Adjective placement

Numbers 1 to 20

Numbers 21 to 100

Age and physical states (avoir)

The verb to go (aller)

The preposition to/at (à, au, aux)

Question word for location (où)

Prepositions for cities and countries (à, en, au, aux)

The verb to come (venir)

The preposition from/of (de, du, des)

Question word for origin (d'où)

The verb to do/make (faire)

Days of the week (lundi, mardi)

Telling time (il est... heure)

Question words for time (quand, à quelle heure)

The verb to take or have (prendre)

The verb to drink (boire)

Partitive articles (du, de la, de l')

Zero quantity (pas de)

Expressions of quantity (un peu de, beaucoup de)

Asking how much or how many (combien, combien de)

Very vs. a lot (très, beaucoup)

The verb to want (vouloir)

Polite requests (je voudrais)

The verb to be able to (pouvoir)

Obligation (devoir)

General obligation (il faut)

Why and because (pourquoi, parce que)

Expressing purpose (pour)

Reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nous, vous)

Daily routine verbs (se lever, s'habiller)

Adverbs of frequency (parfois, rarement)

Never (ne... jamais)

Regular -ir verbs (choisir, finir)

Regular -re verbs (attendre, répondre)

Irregular -ir verbs (sortir, partir, dormir)

Informal 'we' (on)

The imperative mood

Direct object pronouns (le, la, les, l')

The near future (aller + infinitive)

The recent past (venir de + infinitive)

The passé composé with avoir

Irregular past participles (eu, été, fait, pris, vu)

The passé composé with être

The negative passé composé (ne ... pas)

Saying goodbye

Please, sorry and thank you

Which / what (quel)

The indefinite adjective (tout, tous)

Irregular feminine adjectives (-euse, -ve)

Double consonant adjectives (-enne, -ette)

Feminine adjective endings (-ère, -trice)

Irregular plurals (-x)

Plurals ending in -al (-aux)

Present tense stem changes (e to è)

Accent stem changes (é to è)

Double consonant verbs (appeler, jeter)

Verbs ending in -yer (payer, envoyer)

Irregular communication verbs (dire, lire)

Irregular action verbs (écrire, mettre)

Question	Answer
the temple	le temple
to destroy	détruire
the army	l'armée
The temple was destroyed by the army.	Le temple a été détruit par l'armée.
the territory	le territoire
to conquer	conquérir
the queen	la reine
This territory was conquered by the queen.	Ce territoire a été conquis par la reine.
the empire	l'empire
the emperor	l'empereur
The empire was founded by the emperor.	L'empire a été fondé par l'empereur.
the pyramid	la pyramide
Which pyramid was built by the king?	Quelle pyramide a été construite par le roi ?
the battle	la bataille
The battle was won by our army.	La bataille a été gagnée par notre armée.
The old bridge was destroyed by the emperor.	Le vieux pont a été détruit par l'empereur.
Do you know which temple was visited by the queen?	Est-ce que tu sais quel temple a été visité par la reine ?
The empire was conquered by the new army.	L'empire a été conquis par la nouvelle armée.
The monument was built by the emperor, and it has been there since the first century.	Le monument a été construit par l'empereur et il est là depuis le premier siècle.
The territory was attacked by the army before the battle.	Le territoire a été attaqué par l'armée avant la bataille.
I know this region. It was conquered by the king.	Je connais cette région. Elle a été conquise par le roi.
The castle was sold by the queen, and we have lived here since January.	Le château a été vendu par la reine et nous habitons ici depuis janvier.
The pyramid was built by the king.	La pyramide a été construite par le roi.