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In English, when we list multiple items, we often use a preposition just once: "I am dreaming of a shampoo, treatment, and a little volume."

In French, the prepositions **à**, **de**, and **en** are strictly repeated. You must place them before *every single item* in a coordinated list.

### Repeating "de"

If your sentence uses a verb or phrase that requires **de** (like *avoir besoin de* or *parler de*), you must repeat it for each noun. This includes its elided form (**d'**) and its contracted forms (**du**, **des**).

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### Repeating "à"

The same strict rule applies to **à** (to/at). Remember to use the contracted forms (**au**, **aux**) when it combines with the definite articles *le* or *les*.

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### Repeating "en"

Whether you are talking about someone's field of expertise or the material an object is made of, the preposition **en** (in/made of/as) must also appear before each noun in the list.

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### Direct objects

If a verb takes direct objects and doesn't require a preposition at all, this rule doesn't apply. However, keep in mind that you still must repeat the basic articles (like *le*, *la*, or *les*) before every noun!

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Repeating prepositions (à, de, en)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular 'to be' and indefinite articles (je suis un...)

Singular definite articles (le, la, l')

Identifying vs. describing (c'est vs. il est)

Feminine adjective agreement (+e)

Plural pronouns and 'to be' (nous sommes, vous êtes)

Formal and informal you (tu vs. vous)

Plural nouns and indefinite articles (des... -s)

Plural definite articles (les)

Plural adjective agreement (+s)

Stressed pronouns (moi, toi, lui)

The verb "to have" singular (j'ai, tu as, il a)

The verb "to have" plural (nous avons, vous avez, ils ont)

There is / there are (il y a)

Basic verbal negation (ne... pas)

Negating "there is" (il n'y a pas de)

Regular -er verbs singular (je parle, tu parles, il parle)

Regular -er verbs plural (nous parlons, vous parlez, ils parlent)

The verb "to be called" (s'appeler)

Yes/no questions with intonation (Tu parles ?)

Yes/no questions with "Est-ce que" (Est-ce que tu parles ?)

Informal questions (qui, que, quoi)

Standard questions (est-ce que)

Singular possessives (mon, ton, son)

Plural possessives (notre, votre, leur)

Demonstrative adjectives (ce, cet, cette, ces)

Adjective placement

Numbers 1 to 20

Numbers 21 to 100

Age and physical states (avoir)

The verb to go (aller)

The preposition to/at (à, au, aux)

Question word for location (où)

Prepositions for cities and countries (à, en, au, aux)

The verb to come (venir)

The preposition from/of (de, du, des)

Question word for origin (d'où)

The verb to do/make (faire)

Days of the week (lundi, mardi)

Telling time (il est... heure)

Question words for time (quand, à quelle heure)

The verb to take or have (prendre)

The verb to drink (boire)

Partitive articles (du, de la, de l')

Zero quantity (pas de)

Expressions of quantity (un peu de, beaucoup de)

Asking how much or how many (combien, combien de)

Very vs. a lot (très, beaucoup)

The verb to want (vouloir)

Polite requests (je voudrais)

The verb to be able to (pouvoir)

Obligation (devoir)

General obligation (il faut)

Why and because (pourquoi, parce que)

Expressing purpose (pour)

Reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nous, vous)

Daily routine verbs (se lever, s'habiller)

Adverbs of frequency (parfois, rarement)

Never (ne... jamais)

Regular -ir verbs (choisir, finir)

Regular -re verbs (attendre, répondre)

Irregular -ir verbs (sortir, partir, dormir)

Informal 'we' (on)

The imperative mood

Direct object pronouns (le, la, les, l')

The near future (aller + infinitive)

The recent past (venir de + infinitive)

The passé composé with avoir

Irregular past participles (eu, été, fait, pris, vu)

The passé composé with être

The negative passé composé (ne ... pas)

Saying goodbye

Please, sorry and thank you

Which / what (quel)

The indefinite adjective (tout, tous)

Irregular feminine adjectives (-euse, -ve)

Double consonant adjectives (-enne, -ette)

Feminine adjective endings (-ère, -trice)

Irregular plurals (-x)

Plurals ending in -al (-aux)

Present tense stem changes (e to è)

Accent stem changes (é to è)

Double consonant verbs (appeler, jeter)

Verbs ending in -yer (payer, envoyer)

Irregular communication verbs (dire, lire)

Irregular action verbs (écrire, mettre)

Question	Answer
the coloring	la coloration
the treatment (care)	le soin
the blow-dry	le brushing
What I need is a coloring, a treatment, and a blow-dry.	Ce dont j'ai besoin, c'est d'une coloration, d'un soin et d'un brushing.
the shampoo	le shampoing
the hairspray	la laque
He is interested in the shampoo, the coloring, and the hairspray.	Il s'intéresse au shampoing, à la coloration et à la laque.
the balayage	le balayage
As a specialist in balayage, in coloring, and in treatments, he is very busy.	En tant que spécialiste en balayage, en coloration et en soins, il est très occupé.
the lock (of hair)	la mèche
the tip (pointed end)	la pointe
He pays attention to the roots, to the locks, and to the tips.	Il fait attention aux racines, aux mèches et aux pointes.
He is talking about the coloring, the balayage, and the blow-dry.	Il parle de la coloration, du balayage et du brushing.
I am dreaming of a shampoo, of a treatment, and of a little volume.	Je rêve d'un shampoing, d'un soin et d'un peu de volume.
He trusts the hairdresser, the treatment, and the hairspray.	Il fait confiance au coiffeur, au soin et à la laque.
I am careful for fear of cutting the locks and the tips.	Je fais attention de peur de couper les mèches et les pointes.
She has a lot of experience in coloring, in styling, and in balayage.	Elle a beaucoup d'expérience en coloration, en coiffure et en balayage.
What I hate is the blow-dry, the hairspray, and the volume!	Ce que je déteste, c'est le brushing, la laque et le volume !
wavy	ondulé
From so much shampoo and hairspray, this wavy hair is very dry.	À force de shampoing et de laque, ces cheveux ondulés sont très secs.
the layered cut	le dégradé
I am going to think about the layered cut and the coloring.	Je vais réfléchir au dégradé et à la coloration.
the comb	le peigne
the scissors	les ciseaux
I need my comb and my scissors.	J'ai besoin de mon peigne et de mes ciseaux.
The wooden and plastic combs cost more than I thought.	Les peignes en bois et en plastique coûtent plus cher que je ne pensais.
She is going to get used to the layered cut and this wavy style.	Elle va s'habituer au dégradé et à ce style ondulé.
The child is suspicious of the scissors and the hairspray.	L'enfant se méfie des ciseaux et de la laque.