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Normally, the passive voice uses **par** (by) to introduce the agent of an action. However, when a passive sentence describes a state of being, a condition, or a physical description rather than a dynamic action, French uses **de** (or **d'**) instead of **par**.

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This structure is especially common with verbs that express composition, filling, or covering:

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Passive voice with de (entouré de)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular 'to be' and indefinite articles (je suis un...)

Singular definite articles (le, la, l')

Identifying vs. describing (c'est vs. il est)

Feminine adjective agreement (+e)

Plural pronouns and 'to be' (nous sommes, vous êtes)

Formal and informal you (tu vs. vous)

Plural nouns and indefinite articles (des... -s)

Plural definite articles (les)

Plural adjective agreement (+s)

Stressed pronouns (moi, toi, lui)

The verb "to have" singular (j'ai, tu as, il a)

The verb "to have" plural (nous avons, vous avez, ils ont)

There is / there are (il y a)

Basic verbal negation (ne... pas)

Negating "there is" (il n'y a pas de)

Regular -er verbs singular (je parle, tu parles, il parle)

Regular -er verbs plural (nous parlons, vous parlez, ils parlent)

The verb "to be called" (s'appeler)

Yes/no questions with intonation (Tu parles ?)

Yes/no questions with "Est-ce que" (Est-ce que tu parles ?)

Informal questions (qui, que, quoi)

Standard questions (est-ce que)

Singular possessives (mon, ton, son)

Plural possessives (notre, votre, leur)

Demonstrative adjectives (ce, cet, cette, ces)

Adjective placement

Numbers 1 to 20

Numbers 21 to 100

Age and physical states (avoir)

The verb to go (aller)

The preposition to/at (à, au, aux)

Question word for location (où)

Prepositions for cities and countries (à, en, au, aux)

The verb to come (venir)

The preposition from/of (de, du, des)

Question word for origin (d'où)

The verb to do/make (faire)

Days of the week (lundi, mardi)

Telling time (il est... heure)

Question words for time (quand, à quelle heure)

The verb to take or have (prendre)

The verb to drink (boire)

Partitive articles (du, de la, de l')

Zero quantity (pas de)

Expressions of quantity (un peu de, beaucoup de)

Asking how much or how many (combien, combien de)

Very vs. a lot (très, beaucoup)

The verb to want (vouloir)

Polite requests (je voudrais)

The verb to be able to (pouvoir)

Obligation (devoir)

General obligation (il faut)

Why and because (pourquoi, parce que)

Expressing purpose (pour)

Reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nous, vous)

Daily routine verbs (se lever, s'habiller)

Adverbs of frequency (parfois, rarement)

Never (ne... jamais)

Regular -ir verbs (choisir, finir)

Regular -re verbs (attendre, répondre)

Irregular -ir verbs (sortir, partir, dormir)

Informal 'we' (on)

The imperative mood

Direct object pronouns (le, la, les, l')

The near future (aller + infinitive)

The recent past (venir de + infinitive)

The passé composé with avoir

Irregular past participles (eu, été, fait, pris, vu)

The passé composé with être

The negative passé composé (ne ... pas)

Saying goodbye

Please, sorry and thank you

Which / what (quel)

The indefinite adjective (tout, tous)

Irregular feminine adjectives (-euse, -ve)

Double consonant adjectives (-enne, -ette)

Feminine adjective endings (-ère, -trice)

Irregular plurals (-x)

Plurals ending in -al (-aux)

Present tense stem changes (e to è)

Accent stem changes (é to è)

Double consonant verbs (appeler, jeter)

Verbs ending in -yer (payer, envoyer)

Irregular communication verbs (dire, lire)

Irregular action verbs (écrire, mettre)

Question	Answer
the microscope	le microscope
the particle	la particule
Even though I adjust the microscope, the particle is blurry.	J'ai beau ajuster le microscope, la particule est floue.
the nucleus	le noyau
the membrane	la membrane
The nucleus is surrounded by a membrane.	Le noyau est entouré d'une membrane.
the layer	la couche
The membrane is composed of a thick layer.	La membrane est composée d'une couche épaisse.
The cell is filled with particles.	La cellule est remplie de particules.
the wall (inner, partition, side)	la paroi
to constitute	constituer
The wall is constituted of liquid.	La paroi est constituée de liquide.
That the nucleus is large is surprising.	Que le noyau soit grand est surprenant.
The professor shows it to us under the microscope.	Le professeur nous la montre sous le microscope.
This layer is surrounded by a wall.	Cette couche est entourée d'une paroi.
In case of a problem, no matter how much I clean the microscope, nothing changes.	En cas de problème, j'ai beau nettoyer le microscope, rien ne change.
These particles are made up of gas.	Ces particules sont constituées de gaz.
That the particle is composed of water is magnificent.	Que la particule soit composée d'eau est magnifique.
The nucleus is filled with liquid.	Le noyau est rempli de liquide.
the substance	la substance
The nucleus is surrounded by a weird substance.	Le noyau est entouré d'une substance bizarre.
to line	tapisser
The wall is lined with this substance.	La paroi est tapissée de cette substance.
to dot	parsemer
The membrane is dotted with particles.	La membrane est parsemée de particules.
to coat	revêtir
the fiber	la fibre
Each layer is coated with fibers.	Chaque couche est revêtue de fibres.
It is in this cell that the nucleus is surrounded by fibers.	C'est dans cette cellule que le noyau est entouré de fibres.
They are all composed of a chemical substance.	Elles sont toutes composées d'une substance chimique.
Let's hope that the nucleus is surrounded by a membrane!	Pourvu que le noyau soit entouré d'une membrane !
The nucleus is dotted with holes and surrounded by fibers.	Le noyau est parsemé de trous et entouré de fibres.
Under the microscope, the wall is lined with fibers.	Sous le microscope, la paroi est tapissée de fibres.
The nucleus is coated with an unknown substance.	Le noyau est revêtu d'une substance inconnue.