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### The Pronoun "Chacun" (Each One)

When organizing a group, you often need to refer to individuals without naming them. The pronoun **chacun** means "each one" or "everyone". It stands alone to replace a person, and it always takes a singular verb.

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### The Adjective "Certains" (Some / Certain)

To talk about a specific but unnamed part of a group, use **certains** ("some" or "certain"). When used as an adjective, it is placed right before a plural noun.

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### Adjective vs. Pronoun: Chaque vs. Chacun

While **chacun** is a pronoun that replaces a noun, **chaque** ("each" or "every") is an adjective that must be followed directly by a singular noun. 

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Notice in the examples above how *chaque* is followed by the noun *participant*, but *chacun* stands completely alone as the subject of the sentence. 

### Gender Agreement with "Certains"

Like most French adjectives, **certains** must agree in gender with the noun it modifies. For masculine or mixed groups, use **certains**. For strictly feminine nouns, use **certaines**.

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### Delegating Tasks

These indefinite words are perfect for dividing up tasks. Just like *chacun*, the word **certains** can also act as a standalone pronoun meaning "some" or "some people". When used as a subject, it takes a plural verb. 

Here is how a host (**l'animateur**) might assign who is taking charge of (**se charger de**) the workshop details. Notice how these pronouns can be used as both the object receiving an action, or the subject performing it.

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Indefinite pronouns and adjectives (chacun, certains)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular 'to be' and indefinite articles (je suis un...)

Singular definite articles (le, la, l')

Identifying vs. describing (c'est vs. il est)

Feminine adjective agreement (+e)

Plural pronouns and 'to be' (nous sommes, vous êtes)

Formal and informal you (tu vs. vous)

Plural nouns and indefinite articles (des... -s)

Plural definite articles (les)

Plural adjective agreement (+s)

Stressed pronouns (moi, toi, lui)

The verb "to have" singular (j'ai, tu as, il a)

The verb "to have" plural (nous avons, vous avez, ils ont)

There is / there are (il y a)

Basic verbal negation (ne... pas)

Negating "there is" (il n'y a pas de)

Regular -er verbs singular (je parle, tu parles, il parle)

Regular -er verbs plural (nous parlons, vous parlez, ils parlent)

The verb "to be called" (s'appeler)

Yes/no questions with intonation (Tu parles ?)

Yes/no questions with "Est-ce que" (Est-ce que tu parles ?)

Informal questions (qui, que, quoi)

Standard questions (est-ce que)

Singular possessives (mon, ton, son)

Plural possessives (notre, votre, leur)

Demonstrative adjectives (ce, cet, cette, ces)

Adjective placement

Numbers 1 to 20

Numbers 21 to 100

Age and physical states (avoir)

The verb to go (aller)

The preposition to/at (à, au, aux)

Question word for location (où)

Prepositions for cities and countries (à, en, au, aux)

The verb to come (venir)

The preposition from/of (de, du, des)

Question word for origin (d'où)

The verb to do/make (faire)

Days of the week (lundi, mardi)

Telling time (il est... heure)

Question words for time (quand, à quelle heure)

The verb to take or have (prendre)

The verb to drink (boire)

Partitive articles (du, de la, de l')

Zero quantity (pas de)

Expressions of quantity (un peu de, beaucoup de)

Asking how much or how many (combien, combien de)

Very vs. a lot (très, beaucoup)

The verb to want (vouloir)

Polite requests (je voudrais)

The verb to be able to (pouvoir)

Obligation (devoir)

General obligation (il faut)

Why and because (pourquoi, parce que)

Expressing purpose (pour)

Reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nous, vous)

Daily routine verbs (se lever, s'habiller)

Adverbs of frequency (parfois, rarement)

Never (ne... jamais)

Regular -ir verbs (choisir, finir)

Regular -re verbs (attendre, répondre)

Irregular -ir verbs (sortir, partir, dormir)

Informal 'we' (on)

The imperative mood

Direct object pronouns (le, la, les, l')

The near future (aller + infinitive)

The recent past (venir de + infinitive)

The passé composé with avoir

Irregular past participles (eu, été, fait, pris, vu)

The passé composé with être

The negative passé composé (ne ... pas)

Saying goodbye

Please, sorry and thank you

Which / what (quel)

The indefinite adjective (tout, tous)

Irregular feminine adjectives (-euse, -ve)

Double consonant adjectives (-enne, -ette)

Feminine adjective endings (-ère, -trice)

Irregular plurals (-x)

Plurals ending in -al (-aux)

Present tense stem changes (e to è)

Accent stem changes (é to è)

Double consonant verbs (appeler, jeter)

Verbs ending in -yer (payer, envoyer)

Irregular communication verbs (dire, lire)

Irregular action verbs (écrire, mettre)

Question	Answer
each one	chacun
the workshop	l'atelier
Each one has a good idea for the new workshop.	Chacun a une bonne idée pour le nouvel atelier.
certain / some (certains, certaine, certaines)	certain
the participant	le participant
Some participants are late today.	Certains participants sont en retard aujourd'hui.
the program / schedule	le programme
Each participant must read the whole program first.	Chaque participant doit lire tout le programme d'abord.
to set up / to install	installer
the room	la salle
Then, we are going to set up the room together.	Ensuite, nous allons installer la salle ensemble.
the equipment / material	le matériel
Each one takes a little bit of equipment.	Chacun prend un peu de matériel.
the facilitator / host	l'animateur
to take charge of / to take care of	se charger de
The facilitator takes charge of the meeting.	L'animateur se charge de la réunion.
Some chairs are in the other room.	Certaines chaises sont dans l'autre salle.
Some members are therefore looking for the equipment.	Certains membres cherchent donc le matériel.
Each one must install the program on the computer.	Chacun doit installer le programme sur l'ordinateur.
The facilitator will answer each one.	L'animateur répondra à chacun.
Some are taking charge of the music, right?	Certains se chargent de la musique, n'est-ce pas ?
The facilitator never cancels the workshop.	L'animateur n'annule jamais l'atelier.