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Use the past subjunctive (*le subjonctif passé*) to express how you feel about an event that has **already happened**. Any emotion that triggers the present subjunctive triggers the past subjunctive when the action is in the past.

### Forming the past subjunctive

Form the past subjunctive with an auxiliary verb (**avoir** or **être**) in the **present subjunctive**, plus a past participle.

Most verbs take *avoir*. Here is a quick reminder of its present subjunctive forms:

| Pronoun | Avoir (Subj.) | Past Participle |
| --- | --- | --- |
| je / j' | aie | décroché |
| tu | aies | décroché |
| il / elle / on | ait | décroché |
| nous | ayons | décroché |
| vous | ayez | décroché |
| ils / elles | aient | décroché |

Here are some examples expressing joy over a past success:

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### Stronger emotions

The same rule applies for stronger emotional reactions, such as being amazed (*émerveillé*) or deeply moved (*bouleversé*).

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### Verbs conjugated with être

Just as in the *passé composé*, certain verbs (mostly involving motion or a change of state) use **être** as their auxiliary.

For these verbs, conjugate *être* in the present subjunctive (*sois, sois, soit, soyons, soyez, soient*). Remember that past participles used with *être* must agree in gender and number with the subject!

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Emotions about the past (je suis content que)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular 'to be' and indefinite articles (je suis un...)

Singular definite articles (le, la, l')

Identifying vs. describing (c'est vs. il est)

Feminine adjective agreement (+e)

Plural pronouns and 'to be' (nous sommes, vous êtes)

Formal and informal you (tu vs. vous)

Plural nouns and indefinite articles (des... -s)

Plural definite articles (les)

Plural adjective agreement (+s)

Stressed pronouns (moi, toi, lui)

The verb "to have" singular (j'ai, tu as, il a)

The verb "to have" plural (nous avons, vous avez, ils ont)

There is / there are (il y a)

Basic verbal negation (ne... pas)

Negating "there is" (il n'y a pas de)

Regular -er verbs singular (je parle, tu parles, il parle)

Regular -er verbs plural (nous parlons, vous parlez, ils parlent)

The verb "to be called" (s'appeler)

Yes/no questions with intonation (Tu parles ?)

Yes/no questions with "Est-ce que" (Est-ce que tu parles ?)

Informal questions (qui, que, quoi)

Standard questions (est-ce que)

Singular possessives (mon, ton, son)

Plural possessives (notre, votre, leur)

Demonstrative adjectives (ce, cet, cette, ces)

Adjective placement

Numbers 1 to 20

Numbers 21 to 100

Age and physical states (avoir)

The verb to go (aller)

The preposition to/at (à, au, aux)

Question word for location (où)

Prepositions for cities and countries (à, en, au, aux)

The verb to come (venir)

The preposition from/of (de, du, des)

Question word for origin (d'où)

The verb to do/make (faire)

Days of the week (lundi, mardi)

Telling time (il est... heure)

Question words for time (quand, à quelle heure)

The verb to take or have (prendre)

The verb to drink (boire)

Partitive articles (du, de la, de l')

Zero quantity (pas de)

Expressions of quantity (un peu de, beaucoup de)

Asking how much or how many (combien, combien de)

Very vs. a lot (très, beaucoup)

The verb to want (vouloir)

Polite requests (je voudrais)

The verb to be able to (pouvoir)

Obligation (devoir)

General obligation (il faut)

Why and because (pourquoi, parce que)

Expressing purpose (pour)

Reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nous, vous)

Daily routine verbs (se lever, s'habiller)

Adverbs of frequency (parfois, rarement)

Never (ne... jamais)

Regular -ir verbs (choisir, finir)

Regular -re verbs (attendre, répondre)

Irregular -ir verbs (sortir, partir, dormir)

Informal 'we' (on)

The imperative mood

Direct object pronouns (le, la, les, l')

The near future (aller + infinitive)

The recent past (venir de + infinitive)

The passé composé with avoir

Irregular past participles (eu, été, fait, pris, vu)

The passé composé with être

The negative passé composé (ne ... pas)

Saying goodbye

Please, sorry and thank you

Which / what (quel)

The indefinite adjective (tout, tous)

Irregular feminine adjectives (-euse, -ve)

Double consonant adjectives (-enne, -ette)

Feminine adjective endings (-ère, -trice)

Irregular plurals (-x)

Plurals ending in -al (-aux)

Present tense stem changes (e to è)

Accent stem changes (é to è)

Double consonant verbs (appeler, jeter)

Verbs ending in -yer (payer, envoyer)

Irregular communication verbs (dire, lire)

Irregular action verbs (écrire, mettre)

Question	Answer
to land (a job, contract)	décrocher
I am thrilled that my friend landed this job.	Je suis ravi que mon ami ait décroché ce poste.
amazed	émerveillé
the distinction	la mention
We are amazed that she got a distinction.	Nous sommes émerveillés qu'elle ait décroché une mention.
the feat (m)	l'exploit
It is incredible to achieve this feat with a distinction.	C'est incroyable de réaliser cet exploit avec une mention.
to win (a prize, victory)	remporter
I am amazed that they won the match.	Je suis émerveillé qu'ils aient remporté le match.
the masterpiece	le chef-d'œuvre
She is amazed that this masterpiece won the trophy.	Elle est émerveillée que ce chef-d'œuvre ait remporté le trophée.
He is finishing the masterpiece, and we are proud of it.	Il finit le chef-d'œuvre, et nous en sommes fiers.
to triumph	triompher
You are thrilled that the team triumphed.	Vous êtes ravis que l'équipe ait triomphé.
overwhelmed	bouleversé
I am deeply moved that she triumphed yesterday.	Je suis bouleversé qu'elle ait triomphé hier.
the approval (f)	l'approbation
I am glad that you received the director's approval.	Je suis content que tu aies reçu l'approbation du directeur.
I am relieved that he arrived on time for the interview.	Je suis soulagé qu'il soit arrivé à l'heure pour l'entretien.
fulfilled	comblé
She had just published her novel, and she was overjoyed by it.	Elle venait de publier son roman, et elle en était comblée.
I am devastated that the champion missed this feat.	Je suis bouleversé que le champion ait raté cet exploit.
I am overjoyed that we received the approval.	Je suis comblé que nous ayons reçu l'approbation.