Learn Finnish: Harmaa lintu istuu puussa. - The grey bird is sitting in the tree.

Finnish doesn't have a separate continuous tense like English does. The single word istuu can mean both "sits" and "is sitting". You can tell which one makes sense based on the context!

There is no word for "the" in the Finnish sentence. How do we know it means "The grey bird" and not "A grey bird"?

Finnish does not have articles like "a" or "the". The phrase Harmaa lintu can mean either "A grey bird" or "The grey bird". Usually, if the noun is the subject at the beginning of the sentence, it represents known information and we translate it with "the".

How does the word puussa translate to "in the tree"?

Finnish shows location by adding endings to words instead of using separate little words like "in" or "on". The ending -ssa means "in" or "inside", so adding it directly to puu (tree) makes puussa (in the tree).

Why does the ending on puussa use an "a" (-ssa) instead of an "ä" (-ssä)?

This happens because of vowel harmony, a rule where a single word generally cannot mix front vowels (ä, ö, y) and back vowels (a, o, u). Because the root word puu contains a back vowel (u), the ending must also use a back vowel, making it -ssa.