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Finnish

In the previous lesson, you learned how to issue magical decrees using affirmative third-person commands (the **jussiivi**). Now, establish protective wards and strict rules using third-person prohibitions.

### The Negative Command Words

To form a negative third-person command, Finnish uses a special negative verb. Instead of *ei*, use:
- **älköön** for a singular third-person subject ("let him/her/it not")
- **älkööt** for a plural third-person subject ("let them not")

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### The Verb Stem (-ko / -kö)

After **älköön** or **älkööt**, the main verb takes the suffix **-ko** or **-kö**. 

To find this form, take the affirmative third-person command (ending in *-koon/-köön* or *-koot/-kööt*) and drop the final **-on/-ön** or **-ot/-öt**. 

- *astukoon* -> **astuko**
- *lumotkoon* -> **lumotko**
- *käyköön* -> **käykö**

### Singular Prohibitions (älköön)

Combine **älköön** with the **-ko/-kö** verb form to issue a strict rule for a single entity. Pronouns like *kukaan* (anyone) combine with the negative command to mean "no one."

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### Plural Prohibitions (älkööt)

When the prohibition applies to multiple entities, use the plural **älkööt**. The main verb does not change; only the negative command word takes the plural marker **-t**.

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### Complex Decrees

Link multiple verbs using *ja* (and) or *tai* (or) without repeating the command word. You can also build specific prohibitions using subjects like *yksikään* (not a single), or combine second-person and third-person commands in the same sentence.

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Third-person prohibitions (älköön / älkööt)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Question	Answer
let not (3rd person singular; plural: älkööt)	älköön
uninvited	kutsumaton
intruder	tunkeutuja
circle (social, circuit, district)	piiri
Let an uninvited intruder not step into this circle.	Älköön kutsumaton tunkeutuja astuko tähän piiriin.
sacred	pyhä
ritual	riitti
When the wizard begins the sacred ritual, let no one disturb him.	Velhon aloittaessa pyhän riitin älköön kukaan häiritkö häntä.
creature	olento
to enchant	lumota
Let these creatures not enchant any uninvited guest.	Älkööt nämä olennot lumotko ketään kutsumatonta vierasta.
to cast	langettaa
to conjure	loihtia
Let the witch not cast a curse or conjure anything for a year.	Älköön noita langettako kirousta tai loihtiko mitään vuoteen.
intention	aie
Let the intruders not hide their evil intentions from me.	Älkööt tunkeutujat piilottako pahoja aikeitaan minulta.
Do not leave, and let no one conjure anything behind this circle.	Älä poistu, ja älköön kukaan loihtiko mitään tämän piirin takana.
Let not a single dark creature touch this sacred book.	Älköön yksikään pimeä olento koskeko tähän pyhään kirjaan.
I demand that the wizard flee, and let him not enchant us or cast a curse.	Vaadin, että velho pakenisi, ja älköön hän lumotko meitä tai langettako kirousta.
Let the king not give this ritual to some creature who has an evil intention.	Älköön kuningas antako tätä riittiä jollekin olennolle, jolla on paha aie.
Let an uninvited intruder not visit this sacred castle.	Älköön kutsumaton tunkeutuja käykö tässä pyhässä linnassa.
Let the intruder not conjure in the holy circle.	Älköön tunkeutuja loihtiko pyhässä piirissä.