Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

Finnish

### Expressing Internal States

In Finnish, some emotions and internal states are not expressed with simple adjectives. Instead, you use a **state adverbial** (*tilanilmaus*). Literally translated, these structures imply that you are "in your excitements" or "in your worries."

These words are formed by taking a noun root, adding the plural inessive case (*-issa-*), and attaching a **possessive suffix**. 

When you look these words up in a dictionary, they are usually listed with the third-person suffix **-an / -ään**:

- *innoissaan* (excited)
- *huolissaan* (worried)
- *tosissaan* (serious, in earnest)
- *raivoissaan* (furious, in a rage)

### Matching the Subject

Because these expressions are built with possessive suffixes, the ending **must change to match the subject** of the sentence. If *I* am excited, I use the first-person suffix *-ni*. If *we* are worried, we use the first-person plural suffix *-mme*.

Here is how the possessive suffixes attach to the base *innoissa-* (excited):

| Subject | Suffix | Form |
|---|---|---|
| minä | -ni | innoissani |
| sinä | -si | innoissasi |
| hän / se | -an | innoissaan |
| me | -mme | innoissamme |
| te | -nne | innoissanne |
| he / ne | -an | innoissaan |

Let's see this in action. When speaking about yourself, you will use the **-ni** suffix:

{{item:922408}}

Notice that the third-person suffix (**-an**) is identical for both singular (*hän*) and plural (*he*) subjects:

{{item:922412}}

{{item:922416}}

The same rules apply to all the other state adverbials in this group, no matter how intense the emotion gets on the track:

{{item:922419}}

When speaking about "us" (*me*) or "you all" (*te*), remember to use the plural suffixes **-mme** and **-nne** respectively:

{{item:922422}}

{{item:922424}}

Because these words behave like adverbs rather than standard adjectives, they do not change based on what case the rest of the sentence is in. You just need to ensure the possessive suffix matches the person experiencing the emotion!

{{item:922429}}

State adverbials with possessive suffixes (innoissaan, huolissaan)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Question	Answer
motorsport	moottoriurheilu
excited	innoissaan
I like motorsport, so I am excited.	Pidän moottoriurheilusta, joten olen innoissani.
race car	kilpa-auto
track	rata
worried	huolissaan
He drives a race car on the track, but mother is worried.	Hän ajaa kilpa-autoa radalla, mutta äiti on huolissaan.
mechanic	mekaanikko
pit	varikko
serious (in earnest)	tosissaan
The mechanics are in the pit, and they are serious.	Mekaanikot ovat varikolla, ja he ovat tosissaan.
to overtake	ohittaa
furious (in a rage)	raivoissaan
That race car is overtaking me, and I am furious!	Tuo kilpa-auto ohittaa minut, ja olen raivoissani!
helmet	kypärä
Put the helmet on your head before you drive the race car!	Laita kypärä päähän, ennen kuin ajat kilpa-autoa!
If he overtook the other car on the track, we would be excited.	Jos hän ohittaisi toisen auton radalla, me olisimme innoissamme.
The mechanic is furious because motorsport is expensive.	Mekaanikko on raivoissaan, koska moottoriurheilu on kallista.
Are you serious when you drive to the pit?	Oletteko te tosissanne, kun ajatte varikolle?
A helmet is important when you overtake him.	Kypärä on tärkeä, kun ohitat hänet.
Do you like motorsport or old race cars more?	Pidätkö enemmän moottoriurheilusta vai vanhoista kilpa-autoista?
Neither mechanic is in the pit today, so we are worried.	Kumpikaan mekaanikko ei ole varikolla tänään, joten olemme huolissamme.
The mechanics are not worried, but instead they are furious.	Mekaanikot eivät ole huolissaan, vaan he ovat raivoissaan.
I am serious. I am really excited about the new helmet!	Olen tosissani. Olen todella innoissani uudesta kypärästä!
scared (in a state of fear)	peloissaan
I am scared when the race car overtakes me.	Olen peloissani, kun kilpa-auto ohittaa minut.
The mechanics were scared in the pit.	Mekaanikot olivat peloissaan varikolla.

Contributors