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Finnish

In English, we use prepositions like "according to" or "via" before a noun. In Finnish, these are usually **postpositions**, meaning they come *after* the noun.

When using the highly frequent postpositions **mukaan** (according to) and **kautta** (via / by means of), the preceding noun must be in the genitive case (ending in **-n**).

### According to: mukaan

To state the source of your information, put the source in the genitive case and follow it with **mukaan**. For example, **uutistoimisto** (news agency) becomes **uutistoimiston mukaan** (according to the news agency).

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### Via or By means of: kautta

To express the channel, route, or medium through which something happens, use the postposition **kautta**. Just like with *mukaan*, the noun preceding *kautta* takes the genitive **-n** ending.

For example, **kirjeenvaihtaja** (correspondent) becomes **kirjeenvaihtajan kautta** (via the correspondent).

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You can use **kautta** for both physical routes (like traveling through a city center) and abstract mediums (like sending a message through a diplomatic channel or the internet).

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Sources and mediums (mukaan, kautta)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Question	Answer
news agency	uutistoimisto
correspondent	kirjeenvaihtaja
The news agency's correspondent is in London.	Uutistoimiston kirjeenvaihtaja on Lontoossa.
According to the news agency, the war is over.	Uutistoimiston mukaan sota on ohi.
via	kautta
The information leaked via the correspondent.	Tieto vuoti kirjeenvaihtajan kautta.
diplomat	diplomaatti
ministry for foreign affairs	ulkoministeriö
The diplomat sent the message via the ministry for foreign affairs.	Diplomaatti lähetti viestin ulkoministeriön kautta.
negotiator	neuvottelija
I wonder if the negotiator is coming via the city center?	Tuleekohan neuvottelija keskustan kautta?
According to the diplomat, the situation is dangerous.	Diplomaatin mukaan tilanne on vaarallinen.
intelligence service	tiedustelupalvelu
The intelligence service is observing the diplomat.	Tiedustelupalvelu tarkkailee diplomaattia.
According to the ministry for foreign affairs, the treaty is legal.	Ulkoministeriön mukaan sopimus on laillinen.
We received the news via the ministry for foreign affairs.	Saimme uutisen ulkoministeriön kautta.
press conference	tiedotustilaisuus
Is the negotiator organizing a press conference today?	Järjestääkö neuvottelija tiedotustilaisuuden tänään?
We were waiting at the press conference.	Olimme odottamassa tiedotustilaisuudessa.
hearsay	huhupuhe
According to the intelligence service, this is just hearsay.	Tiedustelupalvelun mukaan tämä on vain huhupuhetta.
We heard about the threat via the intelligence service.	Kuulimme uhasta tiedustelupalvelun kautta.
I wonder if that is really true or just hearsay?	Onkohan tuo todella totta vai vain huhupuhetta?
The correspondent does not believe hearsay.	Kirjeenvaihtaja ei usko huhupuheita.
According to the negotiator, the meeting was useful.	Neuvottelijan mukaan kokous oli hyödyllinen.
diplomatic	diplomaattinen
The diplomatic crisis is currently getting worse.	Diplomaattinen kriisi on parhaillaan pahenemassa.
The diplomatic network operates via the internet.	Diplomaattinen verkosto toimii netin kautta.
This is a diplomatic problem.	Tämä on diplomaattinen ongelma.