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Finnish

### Into Places: The Illative Case (-Vn)

When expressing movement **to** or **into** a location, Finnish uses the illative case. For most words ending in a short vowel, you form the illative by lengthening the final vowel and adding **-n** (referred to as **-Vn**).

- *Viro* (Estonia) -> *Viroon*
- *kylä* (village) -> *kylään*
- *baari* (bar) -> *baariin*

If you describe the place with an adjective, the adjective must also agree and take the illative ending. Note that some common words ending in **-i** change their final **-i** to an **-e-** before adding the ending.

- *pieni* (small) -> *pieneen*
- *uusi* (new) -> *uuteen*

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### Words Ending in Consonants

Nouns ending in **-s** undergo a stem change before adding the illative ending. Words like *kerros* (floor) change to *kerrokse-* and add **-en**, while words like *tehdas* (factory) change to *tehtaa-* and add **-seen**.

- *kerros* -> *kerrokseen*
- *tehdas* -> *tehtaaseen*

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### Short Words and One-Syllable Roots (-hVn)

For short words ending in a long vowel or a diphthong, such as *maa* (country), the illative ending is **-hVn**. The "V" copies the vowel immediately before the **-h**.

- *maa* -> *maahan*

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### Numbers 21-99

In Finnish, compound numbers like 24 or 59 are written as one single word. You simply combine the tens and the ones.

For example, 24 is *kaksikymmentä* (twenty) + *neljä* (four) = *kaksikymmentäneljä*.

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Into places (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

adjective

adposition

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (tämä, tuo, se)

Singular personal pronouns (minä, sinä, hän)

Plural personal pronouns (me, te, he)

Plural demonstratives (nämä, nuo, ne)

Coordinating conjunctions (ja, mutta, tai)

Yes/no questions (-ko / -kö)

Basic question words (kuka, mikä, missä)

Negation of to be (en ole, ei ole)

The inessive case (-ssa / -ssä)

Double consonant gradation (kk, pp, tt)

Consonant gradation (-ssa/-ssä)

Verb Type 1 (puhun, puhut, puhuu)

Verb Type 1 with consonant gradation

Negative verbs (en puhu, et lue)

External location (-lla/-llä)

There is / there are (kaupungissa on)

Possession (minulla on)

Numbers 1 to 10 (yksi, kaksi, kolme)

The partitive singular (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Quantities with numbers (kaksi autoa)

Negative possession (ei ole)

Numbers 11 to 100 and 1000

Partitive verbs

Partitive personal pronouns (minua, sinua)

Verb Type 2 (-da/-dä)

Partitive for mass nouns (-a/-ä, -ta/-tä)

Partitive for negative objects

Adjective agreement

Verb Type 3

The elative case (-sta/-stä)

Negative possession (minulla ei ole…)

The illative case (-Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Numbers 21 to 99

Static vs. movement verbs

Verb Type 4 (-Vta / -Vtä)

Verb Type 5 (-ita / -itä)

Genitive singular for possession (-n)

Total object (-n)

Accusative personal pronouns (-t)

Obligation (täytyy)

Postpositions with the genitive

My and your (-ni, -si)

Onto and to someone (-lle)

From someone or somewhere (-lta, -ltä)

Telling time (kello on...)

Months of the year (-ssa, -ssä)

Days of the week (-na, -nä)

When and why (milloin, miksi)

The illative case (mihin, -Vn, -hVn, -seen)

Past tense of to be (olin, olit, oli)

The seasons (kevät, kesä, syksy, talvi)

The imperative mood (lue!, syö!, mene!)

The past tense of to be (olin, oli)

The illative case (-hVn, -seen)

Greetings and goodbyes (hei, näkemiin)

Thank you and sorry (kiitos, anteeksi)

Liking things (pitää / tykätä + -sta/-stä)

Temporary states and roles (-na/-nä)

Change of state (-ksi)

Ongoing actions (-massa/-mässä)

Going to do an action (-maan/-mään)

Returning from an action (-masta/-mästä)

Third-person possessives (-nsa/-nsä or -Vn)

Plural possessives (-mme, -nne)

Indefinite pronouns (joku, jokin, kaikki)

Negative indefinite pronouns (ei kukaan, ei mikään)

Commands for verb types 4 and 5

Adverb formation (-sti)

Past tense for verb type 1 (-i-)

Past tense vowel changes for verb type 1 (-o- / -i-)

Past tense for verb type 2 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 3 (-i-)

Past tense for verb type 4 (-si-)

Past tense for verb type 5 (-itsi-)

Past tense consonant gradation

Past participles for verb types 1 and 2 (-nut / -nyt)

Past participle singular for verb types 3-5 (-nnut, -llut)

Active past participle plural (-neet)

Past tense negative (en mennyt, emme olleet)

The perfect tense (olen ollut)

The perfect tense negative (en ole nähnyt)

Total plural objects (-t)

Partitive plural (-ia / -iä)

Partitive plural (-ja / -jä)

Partitive plural (-ita / -itä)

Question	Answer
Estonia	Viro
village	kylä
We travel to Estonia, to a small village.	Me matkustamme Viroon, pieneen kylään.
A ticket to the small village costs 24 euros.	Lippu pieneen kylään maksaa kaksikymmentäneljä euroa.
Spain	Espanja
He is not at home, because he is flying to Spain today.	Hän ei ole kotona, koska hän lentää tänään Espanjaan.
bar	baari
We stay in the new bar in Spain.	Me jäämme uuteen baariin Espanjassa.
The bill in the bar is 59 euros.	Lasku baarissa on viisikymmentäyhdeksän euroa.
castle	linna
The young man drives to the old castle.	Nuori mies ajaa vanhaan linnaan.
basement	kellari
I run into the basement of the castle.	Minä juoksen linnan kellariin.
There are 88 chairs in the basement.	Kellarissa on kahdeksankymmentäkahdeksan tuolia.
factory	tehdas
The student goes into the big factory.	Opiskelija menee isoon tehtaaseen.
There are 92 people in the factory.	Tehtaassa on yhdeksänkymmentäkaksi ihmistä.
island	saari
The bird flies to the green island.	Lintu lentää vihreään saareen.
A ticket to the island costs 37 euros.	Lippu saareen maksaa kolmekymmentäseitsemän euroa.
We travel to a new country.	Me matkustamme uuteen maahan.
pharmacy	apteekki
The sick man returns to the new pharmacy.	Sairas mies palaa uuteen apteekkiin.
The medicine in the pharmacy costs 41 euros.	Lääke apteekissa maksaa neljäkymmentäyksi euroa.
floor (level of a building)	kerros
The doctor comes to the new floor.	Lääkäri tulee uuteen kerrokseen.
There are 26 rooms on the floor.	Kerroksessa on kaksikymmentäkuusi huonetta.
Thirty people travel to Estonia.	Kolmekymmentä ihmistä matkustaa Viroon.